Original diagnosis: Pileo fulvidogilvo, centro atrofusco vel atrocastaneo, margine pallido, subtiliter fibrilloso e velo, viscido, centro depresso, margine convexo, dein in parte exterior plano, levi, 22-24 mm. Lamellis argillaceis, confertis, adnatis, haud lacrimantibus. Spores sordide brunneolis s.m. dilute melleis, amygdaliformi-subtriangularibus, subtiliter punctato-rugulosis, 11,5-15,8/5-8,5 μm. Cheilocystidiis c.c. 75/3,5 μm (ad apicem longissimam cylindraceam-ampulliformibus, ad basin inflatis, hyalinis). Stipite pallido, basin versus fusco, ad apicem haud farinoso sed in parte media paulum armillato-fibrilloso, apicem versus subattenuato, 60-65/4-5 mm. Carne pallida, in basi stipities fuscata rediolente. In dumetis ripae riv. Czezkin sub Alnis, Populis et Picea excels. Augusta mens. 1936.

English translation: Pileus tawny-yellow, blackish brown or blackish-chestnut brown at centre, paler at margin, subtly fibrillose from veil remnants, viscid, depressed at centre, with marginal zone convex, but in outermost part paler, smooth, 22–24 mm broad. Lamellae clay-coloured, crowded, adnate, not weeping. Spores sordid brownish, dilute honey-coloured under microscope, amygdaloid-almost triangular, subtly punctate-rugulose, 11.5–15.8 × 5.0–8.5 μm. Cheilocystidia about 75 × 3.5 μm (at apex, long-cylindrical-ampulliform, at base inflated, hyaline). Stipe pallid, brown towards base, at apex not farinose, but in middle part slightly fibrillose-girdled; slightly attenuate towards apex, 60–65 × 4–5 mm. Context pallid, in base of stipe brown, 568 with radish odour. In riverside bushes along the Czezkin river under Alnus, Populus and Picea excelsa. August 1936.

Commentary: Based on the description of the cheilocystidia and spores, this does appear likely to be a species from H. sect. Hebeloma with amygdaloid spores. The crowded lamellae and narrow cheilocystidium apex would lead towards Hebeloma sordescens or H. monticola. While H. sordescens is perhaps the most likely, it is difficult to make such an identification without seeing original material.

Diagnosis: Pileus convex, not fully expanding, not umbonate, solitary, 3 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, extremely viscid, aeruginous, margin involute, broadly overhanging, concolorous; lamellae adnate, with decurrent tooth, very broad, subtriangular, not crowded, white to pale yellowish, entire and concolorous on the edges; spores ovoid, smooth, pale-yellow under the microscope, 8-9 X 6 μ; stipe equal, solid, fleshy, dry, glabrous at the apex, coarsely squamose below, caesious-caeruleous, 4 cm. long, 7 min. thick.

Commentary: Unfortunately, the specimen box for the holotype is empty and already was in 1972 when Hesler attempted to examine the material. However, based on the protologue, in particular the greenish-bluish ("aeruginosus") colour of the pileus, white to pale yellowish lamellae and the coarsely squamose, greyish-blue to bluish-greenish ("caesious-caeruleus") stipe this does not appear to be a Hebeloma species. Murrill's hand-written herbarium slip, with his field notes and the drawing of a basidiome, reveals his great uncertainty as to genus ascription: "Tricholoma (?) Armillaria (?) (could be this genus)". We were able to locate material at WTU that appears to be authentic type material, presumably loaned from NY at some point and which could be regarded as an isotype. This material has been analyzed. The spores are ovoid, smooth, thick walled and with a distinct germ pore. They are on ave. 9.6 × 5.5 µm with ave. Q 1.76. The cheilocystidia are clavate, often utriform and stipitate with occasional interspersed chrysocystidia; pleurocystidia modified as chrysocystidia were also present. This is not a Hebeloma.

Types: DENMARK: E-Jylland, Arhus, Forstbotanisk Have UTM NH7420 TBU 21 (approx. 56.12°N, 10.2°E, alt. approx. 55 m a.s.l.) on calcareous, grassy soil in parkland grassland under Quercus sp., 10 Aug. 1993, J. Vesterholt (93-553) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. C JV93-553, HJB1000035; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. C JV93-552, HJB1000119).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma aestivale Vesterh. (1995)

Commentary: See Hebeloma aestivale Vesterh.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-3 cm latus, convexus demum late convexus, obscure cinnamomeus ("Sayal Brown"), tenuiter fibrillosus, glabrescens, ad marginem fibrillose appendiculatus; odor et gustus mitis. Lamellae adnatae, secendentes, incarnatogriseae demum obscure cinnamomeae, subdistantes, latae. Stipes 3-5 cm longus, 3-5 mm crassus, apice pallidus, deorsum brunnescens, fibrillosus, siccus. Sporae 11-15.5 x 7-8.5 μm, late ellipsoideae; leviter rugulosae. Cheilocystidia 46-77 x 5-16 μm, fusoide ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-3 cm broad, convex then broadly convex, a dull shade of cinnamon (“Sayal Brown), finely fibrillose, becoming glabrous, at margin appendiculate with fibrils; smell and taste mild. Lamellae adnate, seceding, pinkish-grey then dull cinnamon, subdistant, broad. Stipe 3-5 cm long, 3-5 mm thick, pale at the apex, becoming brown towards the base, fibrillose, dry. Spores 11-15.5 x 7-8.5 μm, broadly ellipsoid; slightly roughened. Cheilocystidia 46-77 x 5-16 μm, fusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma colvinii (Peck) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 3-5 cm latus, obtusus demum plano-umbonatus, ad marginem fibrillosus, glabrescens, viscidus vel subviscidus, rufobrunneus. Contextus pallide brunneus, odor et gustus subraphaninus. Lamellae latae, confertae, adnatae, incarnato-alutaceae demum sordide cinnamomeae. Stipes 4-8 cm longus, 4-6 (8) mm crassus, sursum pallidus, deorsum + cinnamomeus. Velum pallidum, evanescens. Sporae in cumulo cinnamomeae, 8.5-11 x 5-6 μm, ellipsoideae vel ovoideae, subleves, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia fusoide ventricosa vel clavata, 32-46 x 8-14 x 5-7 μm vel 26-45 x 9-14 μm, valde agglutinata.

English translation: Pileus 3-5 cm broad, blunt then applanate-umbonate, fibrillose on the margin, tending to glabrous, viscid or subviscid, reddish-brown. Context pale brown, smell and taste subraphanoid. Lamellae broad, crowded, adnate, pinkish-buff then dingy cinnamon. Stipe 4-8 cm long, 4.6 (8) mm thick, pale at the apex, more or less cinnamon at base. Veil pale, vanishing. Spores cinnamon in mass, 8.5-11 x 5-6 μm, ellipsoid or ovoid, almost smooth, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia fusoid-ventricose or clavate, 32-46 x 8-14 x 5-7 μm or 26-45 x 9-14 μm, strongly agglutinated.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1-3 (3.5) cm latus, obtusus demum convexus vel planoumbonatus, ad marginem cinereo-fibrillosus et griseobrunneus, ad centrum cinnamomeo-brunneus, subviscidus; odor et sapor mitis. Lamellae latae, subdistantes, adnatae demum adnexae, avellaneae demum sordide cinnamomeae. Stipes 4-6 cm longus, 2-3.5 mm crassus, deorsum angustatus dissiliens, deorsum valde fulvus, ad apicem pallidus, sericeus. Velum cinereo-pallidum demum sordide ochraceum, copiosum. Sporae 9-12 x 6-7 μm, in "KOH" leves, argillaceae. Cheilocystidia versiformes, clavata, fusoide ventricosa vel filamentosa. Cuticula pileorum gelatinosa.

English translation: Pileus 1-3 (3.5) cm broad, blunt then convex or applanate-umbonate, with grey fibrils and grey-brown on the margin, cinnamon-brown on the disc, subviscid; smell and taste mild. Lamellae broad, subdistant, adnate then adnexed, hazel brown then cinnamon. Stipe 4-6 cm long, 2-3.5 mm thick, tapered and splitting downwards, intensely fulvous downwards, pale, silky at the apex. Veil pale greyish, then dingy ochraceous, abundant. Spores 9-12 x 6-7 μm, in KOH smooth, argillaceous. Cheilocystidia versiform, clavate, fusoid-ventricose or filamentous. Pileus cuticle gelatinous.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma marginatulum (J. Favre) Bruchet.

Types: UNITED STATES: Alabama: Auburn (approx. 32.6097°N, 82.4808°W, alt. approx. 80 m a.s.l.) on nutrient-enriched soil in woodland, 12 Oct. 1900, F.S. Earle, det: W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814853, HJB1000287; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039672, HJB1000306).

Diagnosis: Pileus thin, rather fragile, expanded, solitary, 3 cm. broad; surface subviscid, glabrous, bright-yellowish-brown, darker and reddish-brown on the disk, margin thin, not striate, crenulate or wavy; lamellae sinuate-adnate, broad behind, subdistant, thin, ferruginous-cinnamon; spores broadly ellipsoid, 7-8 X 5-6 μ; stipe cylindric, slightly silky-fibrillose, whitish, hollow, fragile, 5-6 cm. long, 4-5 mm. thick.

Commentary: R.W.G. Dennis noted on the herbarium packet in 1952 that he suspected this was a Cortinarius. When L.R. Hesler examined the material in 1972 he came to the same conclusion. The spores are small (7–9 × 5–6 µm), finely ornamented and dark brown and no cheilocystidia were found. An ITS sequence was generated from the holotype, placing the species in the vicinity of C. fulvescens and C. laetus. The holotype sequence had a single match in GenBank (OM473653), a collection not identified to species from Indiana, collected under pine (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15116797) by R. Kerner. The publication of only a single other sequence suggests that it is not a common species.

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo-plano, 3 cm. lato, rubro-brunneo, subfelleo; lamellis sinuatis, sporis elongatis, 8.5-9.5 X 4-5μ; stipite albo, 3-4 X 0.4-0.6 cm.

English translation: Pileus convex to applanate, 3 cm broad, reddish-brown, bitterish; lamellae sinuate, spores elongate, 8.5-9.5 x 4-5 μ; stipe white, 3-4 x 0.4-0.6 cm.

Commentary: In an herbarium note of 4 Oct 1972, L.R. Hesler suggested that this was a mixed collection, part Inocybe (spores elongate, smooth, no germ-pore), part Pholiota (spores smooth, with a germ pore) and part with Hebeloma-like spores but dry pileus. In the material examined during this study, no Hebeloma was found, but certainly elements corresponding to Inocybe and Pholiota. Unfortunately, it was not possible to generate any sequence data.

Diagnosis: Pileus convex, 2-3 cm broad, subviscid, white; lamellae sinuate, crowded, spores ovoid, 8-10 x 4-5 μ; stipe white, bulbous, 4 x 0.5 cm-

Commentary: With the mainly gently clavate and clavate-ventricose cheilocystidia, over 40 µm long, and the spores amygdaloid and rather strongly dextrinoid this species belongs to Hebeloma sect. Velutipes. Within this section of the genus, the spores with a consistently loosening perispore, on ave. less than 11.5 × 7.5 µm, with a very strong papilla, and the absence of pleurocystidia, would indicate that this is most likely Hebeloma albidulum. Hence this taxon should be synonymized with H. albidulum. Unfortunately, it was not possible to generate any DNA sequence data from this material. Stuntz examined the holotype in 1976 and left a herbarium note: “This is, I believe, a Hebeloma. The densely clustered clavate slender cheilocystidia, and scurfy punctate apex of stipe suggest it.” Halling (1986) pointed out that Stuntz considered this to be a Hebeloma but it appears that no follow up had occurred. Since we consider the synonymy with H. albidulum as clear, it would be against the code to create a superfluous name by recombining this as a Hebeloma, but include it within the synonyms of H. albidulum. To summarize, based on morphological and habitat data tis is: = H. albidulum Peck.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, in forest near Augsburg.

Original diagnosis: Albidocortinatus B. f. 428; Spst. gelbbraun; Sp. 6,7: 3,4, gelb; L . z. g ., weisslich; H. glatt, etwas streifig, semmelfarben, weisslich gelbroth, nicht Glänzend. St. mit weissen Ringspuren, ob. weiss, unt. braun, weiss befasert u. beflockt; Fl. ob. im St. weisslich, schmutzig gelblichweiss, unt. weisslich rothbraun; Herbst; Rauher Forst bei Augsburg; zwischen A. testaceus und firmus stehend.

English translation: A. albidicortinatus B. f. 428; Spore print yellow brown; spores 6–7 × 3–4 μm, Lamellae rather crowded, whitish; Pileus smooth, somewhat striate, bread crust-coloured, whitish yellow-red, not shiny. Stipe with whitish remnants of annulus, white above, brown below, white fibrillose-floccose; context white to sordid yellowish white in upper part of stipe, whitish reddish brown in lower part of stipe. Autumn. Rauher Forst near Augsburg; between A. testaceus and A. firmus.

Commentary: The plate looks like Pholiota lenta; while it could be Hebeloma subtortum, the spore size fits much better with Pholiota lenta, but not the pileus which is stated to be non-shiny. Given the quoted spore size, we think it is most likely that it is not a Hebeloma.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, in forest near Augsburg.

Commentary: see Hebeloma albidocortinatum (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnoso, campanulato-expanso, late umbonato, margine tenui, inflexo, inaequali, ochraceo-luteo, partim albido-sericeo, 2.5 cm lato; stipite solido, deorsum attenuato, leviter fibrilloso, albo, carne alba; 3-4 cm longo, basi 3-4 mm, apice 6 mm crasso; lamellis sinuato-adnexis vel adnatis, ventricosis, subconfertis, flavo-fuscis, acie remote denticulatis, medio 3-4 mm lato; sporis flavo-fuscis, ellipsoideis utrinque rotundatis 7-8 x 4 μ.

English translation: Pileus fleshy, campanulate-expanding, broadly umbonate, with thin, inflexed, irregular margin, ochre-yellow, partly white-silky, 2.5 cm broad; stipe solid, attenuated towards base, slightly fibrillose, context white; 3–4 cm long, 3–4 mm at base, 6 mm at apex; lamellae sinuate-adnexed to adnate, ventricose, subcrowded, yellow-brown, with slightly crenulate edge, in the middle 3-4 mm broad; spores yellow-brown, ellipsoid with rounded sides, 7–8 × 4 μm. In the wooded slopes of the Rhine valley and in the forest of the Kellerloehhachtal, solitary; related to Hebeloma subochraceum Peck.

Commentary: Judging from the protologue, with spore size 7–8 × 4 µm, this is most likely not a Hebeloma.

Original diagnosis: Pileo 8-12 cm lato, plus minusve convexo, juventute margine involuto, dein flexuoso. valde carnoso, eburneo, disco leviter obscuriore innato fibrillosoque, viscidulo, lamellis argillaceo-brunneis, griseo-fuscis, acie serrulato flocculosoque sed neque lacrymante, emarginato-adnatis, stipite 9-10 cm longo, 20-40 mm crasso, cylindrico vel deorsum leviter incrassato, albido, in parte inferiore umbrino striato, apice albido floccoso, absque cortina. Carne albida, in basi et cortice stipitiis umbrina, odore subnullo vel leviter graminis simili, sapore miti. Sporis amygdaliformibus rarior sublimoniformibus, verrucosis, 10,7-13,5 x 5,4-7,2 μm, basidiis tetrasporicis, 34-38 x 9-10 μm, pilis marginalibus longe clavatis 40-60 x 7-10 μm. Fibullis presentibus. Habitatio in betuletis subarcticis in locis graminosis.

English translation: Pileus 8–12 cm broad, more or less convex, with involute margin when young, later flexuous, very fleshy, ivory-coloured with slightly darker centre, innately fibrillose, slightly viscid; lamellae clay-coloured brown, greyish brown, with serrulate, flocculose but not weeping edge, emarginate-adnate, stipe 9–10 cm long, 20–40 mm broad, cylindrical or slightly roadened towards base, white, in lower part brown striate, apex white flocculose, without cortina. Context whitish, brown in base and cortex of stipe; odour indistinct or slightly grassy, taste mild. Spores amygdaloid rarely sublimoniform, warted, 10.7–13.5 × 5.4–7.2 μm; basidia four-spored, 34–38 × 9–10 μm; marginal hairs long clavate, 50–60 × 7–10 μm. Clamps present. In subarctic Betula forest in grassy spots.

Commentary: Based on both morphology and ITS sequence, this is: = Hebeloma eburneum Malençon.

Basionym: Agaricus albocrenulatus Peck [as "Agaricus (Pholiota) albocrenulatus"] (1873)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Adirondack Mountains (approx. 44.1247°N, 73.8693°W, alt. approx. 1150 m a.s.l.) on mossy soil in woodland under Acacia sp., Jul. 1872, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-158, HJB1000534).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, firm, convex or campanulate, subumbonate, viscid, rough with dark-brown or blackish floccose scales, yellowish-brown; lamellae broad, sub-distant, emarginate, white crenulate on the edge, grayish, then ferruginous; stem firm, equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or hollow, squamose and pallid below the evanescent ring, white and slightly furfuraceous above; spores subelliptical, .00045' x .00025'. Plant 3'-5' high, pileus 2'-3' broad, stem 3"-5" thick, Mossy base of maple trees in woods. Adirondack Mountains. July and August. Under a lens the Iamellae appear to be headed on the edge with minute milky globules.

Commentary: The species was originally described by Peck as Agaricus (Pholiota) albocrenulatus (FIG. 23A) and recombined as Hebeloma albocrenulatum by Singer (1939). Over the years this species has been the subject of much debate, including its recombination into Pholiota (Saccardo 1887), Stropharia (Kreisel 1964) and Hemipholiota (Bon 1994) and others (not listed), culminating in the publication from Jacobson and Larsson (2007), where a new monospecific genus was described to accommodate it, taking into account the results of molecular phylogenetic analyses and the observation that the taxon differs from Pholiota proper by spore shape and size and absence of chrysocystidia.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma albocrenulatum (Peck) Singer (1939)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Adirondack Mountains (approx. 44.1247°N, 73.8693°W, alt. approx. 1150 m a.s.l.) on mossy soil in woodland under Acacia sp., Jul. 1872, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-158, HJB1000534).

Commentary: See Hebeloma albocrenulatum (Peck) Singer.

Types: CZECH REPUBLIC: Bohemia, se of Prague, nr Ricany, above Vsesiny (Vsesimy), sw of Mnichovice (approx. 49.9301°N, 14.6935°E, alt. approx. 405 m a.s.l.) in woodland, Sep. 1934, J. Velenovsky (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. PRM857068, HJB1000153).

Original diagnosis: H. album sp. n. Sparsam, minus, pil. 2-3 cm, regulari convexo, non umbonato, laevi, nitenti, margine involuto minute squamuloso, pure albo, vertice luteolo, tenuiter carnoso. St. 3-5 plo p. d. superans 2-3 mm cr., basi fusca non incrass., juvenilis cum pileo cortina manifesta connexus. Infra annulum evanidum cortinosum squamulosus, albus, sed pressus fuscescens. Lam. confertae, non latae, diu albae, postea fulvae, acie pallidae, postice dente adnatae. Sp. irregulariter ovatae 5-6. Cyst. filiform., obtusa 25. Inodorum. In gramine in valle silvatico supra Vsesimi 9. 1934. Sporis obtuse ovatis minutis notabilis.

English translation: H. album sp. n. scattered, small, pileus 2–3 cm broad, regular, convex, not umbonate, smooth, shiny, with margin involute and minutely squamulose, pure white, with yellowish centre, thin-fleshed. Stipe 3–5 times as long as wide, at apex 2–3 mm wide, base brown, not inflated, when young connected to pileus with distinct cortina; below annulus with evanescent flocks of veil, white, turning brown after pressure. Lamellae crowded, not broad, first white then fulvous, with pale edge; adnate with decurrent tooth. Spores irregularly ovoid, 5–6 μm. Cystidia filiform, blunt, 25 μm. Odourless. Among grass in wooded valley near Vsesimi, Sept. 1934. Spores bluntly ovoid, remarkably small.

Commentary: We have examined the holotype. The spores are thick-walled with a germ pore; this is not a Hebeloma species.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Essex County, Westport (approx. 44.18°N, 73.43°W, alt. approx. 50 m a.s.l.) on fallen soil and litter in woodland, 5 Oct. 1900, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-000175, HJB1000084; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039674, HJB1000310).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma album Peck (1902)

Commentary: See Hebeloma album Peck.

Types: SWITZERLAND: Val dal Botsch (approx. 46.65°N, 10.1°E, alt. approx. 2600 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil in alpine meadow under Dryas octopetala and Salix herbacea, 27 Aug. 1949, J. Favre (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. G K13674, HJB1000060). Lectotype designated by Vesterholt, Acta Univ. Ups. Symb. Bot. Ups. 30 (3): (1995) page 154.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma alpinum (J. Favre) Bruchet (1970)

Commentary: See Hebeloma alpinum (J. Favre) Bruchet.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.3-3.8 mm latus, convexus, deinde expansus, cinnamomeus, zonatus. Lamellae usque ad 7 mm latae, ventricosae, emarginatae, satis distantes, pallide brunneae, guttis siccae maculatae. Stipe 3.0-3.8 cm longus, 3-6 mm crassus, cylindraceus, floccosus, albidus, fragilissimus. Cortina nulla. Velum non observem. Odore raphanino. Sporae 11.0-14.0 x 5.5-7.5 μm, ex maxima parte anguste amygdaliformes vel fusiformes. In solo calcareo.

English translation: Pileus 1.3–3.8 cm broad, convex, expanding, cinnamon-coloured, zonate. Lamellae up to 7 mm broad, ventricose, emarginate, rather distant, pale brown, with water drops that stain the sides on drying. Stipe 3.0–3.8 mm long, 3–6 mm wide, cylindrical, floccose, whitish, very fragile. Cortina none. Veil not observed. Odour raphanoid. Spores 11–14 × 5.5–7.5 μm, in majority narrowly amygdaloid to fusiform. On calcareous soil.

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis and multiple loci sequences, this is: = Hebeloma vaccinum Romagn.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 14-80 mm latus, conicus vel campanulatus, deinde expansus, hinnuleus. Lamellae satis latae, brunneae. Stipes 30-65 mm longus, 5-13 mm crassus, albidus, non radicans. Odor raphanoideus. Sporae 10.8-14.4 x 5.9-8.5 μm, amygdaloideae vel citriformes, dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia subclavata, in parte inferiori saepe incrassata. Cum arboris deciduis.

English translation: Pileus 14–80 mm broad, conical to campanulate, then expanding, brown. Lamellae rather broad, brown. Stipe 30–65 mm long, 5–13 mm broad, white, non rooting. Odour raphanoid. Spores 10.8–14.4 × 5.9–8.5 μm, amygdaloid citriform, dextrinoid. Cheilocystidia subclavate, in apical part often widened. With deciduous trees.

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis and multiple loci sequences, this is: = Hebeloma vaccinum Romagn.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 3-7.5 latus, late convexus, glaber, viscidus, rufocinnamomeus, ad marginem albofibrillosus. Velum sparsim. Lamellae confertae vel subdistantes, adnatae, demum obscure vinaceobrunneae. Stipes 3-6 cm longus, 4-9 mm crassus, sursum albidus, deorsum demum "Bister" (sordide spadiceus), sursum squamulosus, deorsum fibrillosus, glabrescens. Sporae 7-9 x 4.5-5 μm, dextrinoideae, subleves, in "KOH" argillaceae, inequilaterales. Cheilocystidia 18-30 x 3.5-6 μm, filamentosa vel fusoid-ventricosa. In pratis in stercore vaccino.

English translation: Pileus 3-7.5 cm broad, broadly convex, glabrous, viscid, reddish-cinnamon, with white fibrils on the margin. Veil sparse. Lamellae crowded or subdistant, adnate, later dull vinaceous-brown. Stipe 3-6 cm long, 4-9 mm thick, whitish above, finally “Bister” (dull date brown) downwards, squamulose at the apex, fibrillose below, becoming glabrous. Spores 7-9 x 4.5-5 μm, dextrinoid, almost smooth, argillaceous in KOH, inequilateral. Cheilocystidia 18-30 x 3.5-6 μm, filamentous or fusoid-ventricose. In pastureland on cow dung.

Commentary: Based on a morphological and molecular analysis of the holotype this is: = Hebeloma viscidissimus (Murrill) Beker & U. Eberh.

Diagnosis: Pileus 12–72 mm wide, hemispherical with a slightly inrolled margin becoming convex to broadly convex with a low, broad umbo; pale flesh pink overall with a white bloom, bruising tan to almost chestnut at the disk, tacky; flesh thick, almost creamy white to pale creamy tan and watery looking. Lamellae adnexed to adnate, creamy pink initially, becoming light brown, with two sets of lamellulae with serrulate margins initially. Stipe 35–50 x 12–21 mm, central, equal with a slightly swollen, rounded base; surface turgid, pinkish white at the pruinose apex, to pinkish tan when bruised; white cortina threads visible at the apex trapping light brown spores; flesh also watery, pale pinkish cream to pale cream tan. Odor and flavor not recorded. Basidiospores [40/4/4] 7.5–8.4 x 4.4–5.7 mm, Q = 1.60–1.73, ovoid to ellipsoid, inequilateral, light brown, weakly but distinctly dextrinoid (D2), perispore not loosening (P0), spores very weakly ornamented with ornamentation observed only under oil immersion (O2). Basidia clavate, 20–30 x 7 μm, two-, three- and four-spored. Cheilocystidia fusiform, 30–75 μm long, 8–12 wide at base, 6–8 at middle, tapering gradually to only a marginally enlarged apex 2–3 μm wide, some present only a short distance from the margin. Caulocystidia present only at stipe apex below lamellae, similar in size and shape to cheilocystidia. Pileipellis an ixocutis of poorly rehydrating, radially parallel, compressed unclamped hyphae consisting of lightly gelatinized, hyaline, elongate cells above a wider brown-pigmented hypoderm of similar but wider cells. Trama hyphae lacking pigment, radially arranged with random clear spaces.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma aminophilum R.N. Hilton & O.K. Mill.

Basionym: Hebeloma fastibile f. ammophila Bon (1970)

Types: FRANCE: Somme, Le Crotoy (approx. 50.2167°N, 1.6258°E, alt. approx. 0 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in dune under Salix repens, 10 Nov. 1969, M. Bon (90832) (Holotype. held at herbarium LIP, HJB1000026).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma psammophilum Bon (1986)

Commentary: see Hebeloma psammophilum Bon.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Bavaria, Augsburg, Siebentischwald, autumn.

Original diagnosis: A. (Heb,) angustifolius B. f. 406; Spst. gelblich fleischfarben, gelblich rotbraun; Sp. 8, 10: 4, 5, gelb; L. s. g., s. schmal, gelbrötlich, gelblich lila, stets mit einem Stich ins Purpurfarbige; H. gelblich fleischfarben, isabellfarben, R. heller; St. von der Farbe des H., doch unt. braun; Fl. ohne besonderen Geruch und Geschmack, weisslich, unt. im St. braun; gesellschaftlich wachsend; dem A. crustuliniformis v.; Herbst, Wälder des Ostrachthales.

English translation: A. (Heb,) angustifolius B. f. 406; Spore print yellowish flesh-coloured, yellowish red-brown; spores 8–10 × 4–5 μm; lamellae very crowded, very narrow, yellow-reddish, yellow-lilaceous, always with a purplish tinge; pileus yellowish flesh-coloured, Isabella-coloured with paler margin; stipe concolourous with pileus, but brown in lower part; context without particular odour or taste, whitish, brown in lower part of stipe; in groups, close to A. crustuliniformis. Autumn. In the forests of Ostrachtal.

Commentary: Judging from the plate (fig. 406) and the description, this had very crowded lamellae, the spores were very small, and a pileus colour unlike that of a Hebeloma; this is evidently not a Hebeloma.

Types: FRANCE: Oise, Foret de la Haute Pommeraie near Apremont (approx. 49.23°N, 2.48°E, alt. approx. 100 m a.s.l.) on acidic soil in deciduous woodland under Carpinus sp., Fagus sp., Quercus sp. and Tilia cordata, 13 Aug. 1965, H. Romagnesi (65.83) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. PC0096752, HJB1000143).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma tenuifolium Romagn. (1985)

Original diagnosis: Pileo 2.5-4.5 cm, mox applanato, obtuso, pallido, rufulo, paulo in media saturatiore, viscoso. Stipite 30-60 x 4-7(-10) mm, bulbo immarginato, albo, paulum imo brunnescente, primum toto farinoso. Carne alba, vix in caverna stipitis brunnesccnte, odore raphanoideo, sapore amaro. Lamellis primum stipatis, angustissimis (2-4 mm), linearibus, pallide argilaceis, acic alba punctata atque lacrymante. – Sporis 8.5-10-(11.5) x (4.7-)5-5.7(-7.5) μm, pallidis, amygdaliformibus, haud papillatis, levibus vel subtiliter punctatis. Basidiis 32 x 10.5 μm. Pilis marginalibus claviformibus, 37-67 x 6-9 μm in parte superiore. Epicute gelata, hyphis filiformibus (2-3.7 μm), subcute pseudoparenchymatica. Pigmento membranari pallidissimo. Fibulis praesentibus. - In silva frondosa vel inter acus Piceae.

English translation: Pileus 2.5–4.5 cm, soon flattened, blunt, pale, reddish, slightly more saturated at centre, viscid. Stipe 30-60 × 4–7(–10) mm, with non-marginate bulb, white, becomes brown in lower part, entirely pruinose all over at first. Context white, hardly becoming brown in inner part; odour raphanoid; taste bitter. Lamellae crowded, at least in the beginning, very narrow (2–4 mm), linear, pale clay-coloured with white punctate and shedding tears. Spores 8.5–10 (–11.5) × (4.7–) 5–7 (–7.5) μm, pale, amygdaloid, not papillate, slightly or delicately punctate. Basidia 32 × 10.5 μm. Marginal hairs claviform, 37–67 × 6–9 μm, in upper part. Epicutis gelatinous made up of filiform hyphae (2–3.7 μm), subcutis pseudoparenchymatical. Pigment membranous, very pale. Clamps present. In deciduous forest and among needles of Picea.

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis and ITS sequence, this is: = Hebeloma velutipes Bruchet

Types: UNITED STATES: Michigan: Chelsea, Lyndon Town Hall Park, Washtenaw Co. (approx. 42.38°N, 84.08°W, alt. approx. 300 m a.s.l.), 10 Nov. 1977, A.H. Smith (88295) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. MICH 10730, HJB1000147).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma smithii Quadr. (1987)

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2.5-4 cm latus, demum campanulatus vel plano-umbonatus, valde viscidus, ad marginem fibrillosus, glabrescens, "CinnamonBrown" ad centrum, sordide cinnamomeus ad marginem. Contextus fragilis, brunneus, odor pungens, gustus tarde subamarus. Lamellae confertae, angustae, adnatae vel demum subsinuatae, griseobrunneae tarde rufobrunneae, ad marginem brunneomaculatae. Stipes 5-10 cm Appendix 165 longus, 2.5-4 mm crassus fragilis, avellaneus, deorsum demum vinaceobrunneus, dissiliens. Spores 8-10 (11) x 5-6 μm, non dextrinoideae, ellipsoideae vel subovoideae, subleves. Cheilocystidia fusoide ventricosa 32-48 (57) x 7-10 x 3.5-5 μm.

English translation: Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad, later campanulate or applanate-umbonate, strongly viscid, fibrillose, tending to become glabrous on the margin, “Cinnamon-Brown” on the disc, dingy cinnamon on the margin. Context fragile, brown, smell pungent, taste slowly becoming almost bitter. Lamellae crowded, narrow, adnate or later subsinuate, greyish-brown, finally reddish-brown, spotted brown on the edge. Stipe 5-10 cm long, 2.5-4 mm thick, brittle, hazel brown, finally vinaceous-brown downwards, splitting. Spores 8-10 (11) x 5-6 μm, indextrinoid, ellipsoid or subovoid, almost smooth. Cheilocystidia fusoid-ventricose, 32-48 (57) x 7-10 x 3.5-5 μm.

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis and ITS sequence, this is: = Hebeloma alpinicola A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Bavaria, Augsburg, Siebentischwald, autumn.

Commentary: See Hebeloma angustifolium (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Types: CHINA: Yunnan: Geduo, Yingjiang County (approx. 24.7052°N, 97.932°E, alt. approx. 850 m a.s.l.) in subtropical woodland under Castanopsis sp., Dipterocarpus sp. and Lithocarpus sp., 18 Aug. 2003, Z.L. Yang (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. KUN F0080950, HKAS 42927, HJB1000408).

Commentary: See Hebeloma angustilamellatum (Zhu L. Yang & Z.W. Ge) B.J. Rees & Orlovich.

Types: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Province, Bergvliet (approx. 34.05°S, 18.45°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) under Pinus pinea, 26 May 1948, A.A. Pearson (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)129174, HJB1000048).

Original diagnosis: Gregaria ad terram sub Pinus pinea, Maio 1948. Pileus 2-6 mm, carnosus, viscidus, e convexo planus, alutaceo-pallidus, centro obscuriori dein ferruginosus, laevis, politus; cute secernibili; margine primitus incurvato, laevi, opaco. Lamellae confertae, lineares, adnatae, angustae, modice elasticae, tenues, brunneo-tabacinae, acie alba erosa. Stipe 2-6 cm. longus, 3-5 mm. crassus, siccus aequalis vel apice incrassatus, basi plerumque aliquantulum inflato, solidus dein cavus, sub-cartilaginosus; albus demum sordide brunneus, sursum granulatus, deorsum squamulosus. Caro alba dein pallide alutacea. Sapor mitis dein amarus. Odor su-nullus vel leviter funginus. Sporae in pulvere tabacino-brunneae: sub microscopio brunneae subopacae; oblong-ellipsoideae, 8-10 x 4-4,5 μm minute verrucosae. Cellulae in acie lamellarum cylindricae 5-7 μm latae.

English translation: In groups on soil under Pinus pinea. May 1948. Pileus 2–6 mm, fleshy, viscid, convex then plane, buff with darker centre then rusty brown, with peeling cuticle, smooth, polished; margin slightly incurved at first. Lamellae crowded, linear, narrow, adnate, rather elastic, thin, tobacco-brown (snuff brown), with eroded, whitish edge. Stipe 2–6 cm long, 3–5 mm wide, equal, or slightly thickened above and usually swollen at base, solid then hollow, sub-cartilaginous; white then sordid brown, granular at apex, downwards squamulose. Flesh white then pale alutaceous. Taste mild then bitter. Odour almost absent or slightly fungal. Spores in mass tobacco brown, under the microscope brown, subopaque, oblong-ellipsoid, 8–10 × 4–4.5 μm, minutely verrucose. Cystidia on lamella edge cylindrical, 5–7 μm broad.

Commentary: Based on morphology and ITS this is synonymous with H. cylindrosporum. Although H. angustispermum is the older name, in Vesterholt et al. (2009) we proposed the conservation of the name Hebeloma cylindrosporum over H. angustispermum. This was because the name H. cylindrosporum is widely used, in particular by many researchers working on mycorrhizas. The proposal has been accepted, hence: = Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagn., nom. cons.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2.5-4 cm latus, pallide bubalinus, margine albidus, fibrillosus, viscidus. Contextus albus; odor et gustus raphanoideus. Lamellae adnexae demum emarginatae, albidae denique pallide roseo-cinnamomeae. Stipes 5-7 cm longus, 9-11 mm crassus, albus, supra pruinosus, infra fibrillosus, siccus. Velum album, fibrillarum sparsarum, fugax. Sporae 7.5-9 x (3.5-)4-4.5 μm, gracili-fusoideae, minute rugulosae demum fere planae. Pleurocystidia 36-55 x 5-9 μm, clavato-appendiculata; cheilocystidia 27-50 x 4-7 μm, filamentosa, infra ventricosa. Pilei trama radiale. Hypodermium ex hyphis brunnaceis compositum. (Figs. ID-F.)

English translation: Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad, pale buff, margin whitish, fibrillose, viscid. Context white; smell and taste raphanoid. Lamellae adnexed to emarginate, whitish, finally pale pinkish-cinnamon. Stipe 5-7 cm long, 9-11 mm thick, white, pruinose above, fibrillose below, dry. Veil white, of scattered fibrils, vanishing. Spores 7.5-9 x (3.5) 4-4.5 μm, slender fusoid, minutely rugulose at last almost smooth. Pleurocystidia 36-55 x 5-9 μm, clavate-appendiculate; cheilocystidia 27-50 x 4-7 μm, filamentous, ventricose below. Pileus trama radial. Hypoderm made up of brownish hyphae. (Figs. ID-F).

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis, this is: = Hebeloma subaustrale Murrill.

Types: FRANCE: Meurthe-et-Moselle, Foret de Haye, Nancy (48.6833°N, 6.1833°E, alt. approx. 225 m a.s.l.) on burnt soil in woodland, Sep. 1907, R. Maire (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. MPU 1921, HJB1000098). Lectotype designated by Grilli, Maire J.-C., Moreau P.-A. Robich G. (Eds.), Compléments a la Flore des Chamignons Superieurs de Maroc de G. Malençon et R. Bertault. Confédération Européenne de Mycologie Méditerranéenne, Nice: 299-318. : (2009) page 299.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma anthracophilum Maire (1908)

Commentary: See: Hebeloma anthracophilum Maire.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Oberstaufen, in raised bog at 1200 m altitude.

Original diagnosis: A. (Heb.) apolectus n. sp. (174). A. telephorus Pers? H. halbkugelig, wenig gebuckelt, mit eingerolltem Rande, klebrig, matt, blass schmutzig gelb. St. und Fl. gelblich Weiss. L. entfernt, schmutzig gelbgrau. Sp.: 8, 10; 6. Herbst. Hochmoor bei Oberstaufen, in ca. 1200 m Höhe.

English translation: A. (Heb.) apolectus n. sp. (174). A. telephorus Pers? Pileus semiglobose, weakly umbonate, with inrolled margin, viscid, dull, pale sordid yellow. Stipe and context yellowish white. Lamellae distant, sordid yellow-grey. Spores 8–10 × 6 μm. Autumn. Raised bog near Oberstaufen, at about 1200 m altitude.

Commentary: Judging from the original description and plate this species may be conspecific with H. laterinum. However, since the diagnosis does not mention the discolouring stipe we think there are other possibilities within H. sect. Scabrispora, and it is not possible to be certain which species this represents

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Oberstaufen, in raised bog at 1200 m altitude.

Commentary: See: Hebeloma apolectum (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Bronx Co., New York Botanical Garden (approx. 40.8621°N, 73.8769°W, alt. approx. 750 m a.s.l.) on soil in lawn, 4 Sep. 1912, W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814857, HJB1000285; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039677, HJB1000315).

Diagnosis: Pileus convex, not fully expanding, slightly gibbous, rather thick and fleshy, cespitose, 5 cm. broad; surface viscid, silky and also finely imbricate-squarmulose, rosy-isabelline, cremeous on the disk, margin deflexed, concolorous, appendiculate with triangular fragments of the slight, evanescent veil; context white, thick at the center, with nutty lavor; lameilae sinuate, broad behind and tapering in front, quite narrow, arcuate, very much crowded, pale-cream-colored, not darkening on drying, the edges pallid and distinctly crenate or dentate; spores ellipsoiđ, smooth, pale-clay-colored in mass, pale-melleous under the microscope, 6-7 X 3-4 μ; stipe equal, spongy-stuffed with creamy-white pith, glabrous at the apex, white above, concolorous below, revolute-squamulose, 4 cm. long, 1 cm. thick. Type collected on the ground at the base of a sugar maple tree on a Jawn in the New York Botanical Garden, September 4, 1912, W. A. Murrill (herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.). DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the type locality.

Commentary: The spores are thick-walled and very small (5–6.5 × 3–4 µm) with a tiny but distinct germ pore, supporting the recombination into Pholiota. The name chosen by Smith and Hesler as a replacement synonym was selected to avoid the competing homonym Pholiota appendiculata (Peck 1905).

Types: FRANCE: Foret de Hez,Le Val Hemont, nr Hermes(Oise) (approx. 47.74°N, 2.54°W, alt. approx. 55 m a.s.l.) on calcareous, mossy soil in mixed woodland under Betula verrucosa, Pinus sylvestris and Salix sp., 1 May 1970, H. Romagnesi (R70-34) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. PC 0022088, HJB1000032).

Original diagnosis: Pileo 2-4 cm, convexo, mox truncato, deinde plano-convexo, primum medio obtuso vel paulum umbilicato, serius magis minusve mammoso, margine primum curva, juventute e rufulo ochraceo, dein pallidiore, ad istar Cortinarii hinnulei, in ambitu argenteo canescente, cute subtiliter fibrillosa, parum viscidula. Stipite 30-60 x 3-8 mm, cylindrato, farcto, sursum primum albo, e basi fuscescente, leviter sub lamellis pruinoso, alibi fibrilloso. Cortina alba, copiosa. Carne albida, in stipite fuscescente; odore herbaceo, paulum raphanoideo; sapore raphanoideo, dein lente amariusculo. Lamellis subdistantibus, 4-8 mm latis, segmentiformibus vel semiventricosus, maxime sinuatis, primum pallide brunneolis, dein ex argilleis brunneis, aciepruinosa ac albida. Sporis 9-13 x 5-5,7 [5.7–7] μm, ellipsoideis, sub micr. stramineis vel pallide luteolis, sublevibus. Pilis marginalibus magis minusve lageniformibus, inferne ampullaceis, 30-60 x 8,5-11,5 μm (ad apicem 4-6,5 μm). Epicute gelata, hyphis filiformibus (x 2-4,2 μm), sub cute pigmento membranari vivide colorata, specie parum manifeste seudoparenchymatica. - Inter muscos (Abietinellum abietinam et Camptothecium lutescens), in prato calcareo, prope paucas Pinus silvestres et Betulas verrucosas, primo vere.

English translation: Pileus 2–4 cm, convex, soon truncate, then plano-convex, at first blunt or weakly umbonate at centre, later broadly umbonate, with margin incurved when young, when young reddish ochre, then fading, much resembling Cortinarius hinnuleus, entirely silvery greyish (by veil remnants); surface delicately fibrillose, not very viscid. Stipe 30–60 × 3–8 mm, cylindrical, stuffed, at first white at apex, at base turning reddish brown, slightly pruinose under the lamellae; white fibrillose. Cortina white, abundant. Context white, in stipe becoming reddish brown; odour herbaceous, weakly raphanoid; taste raphanoid then slightly bitter. Lamellae subdistant, 4–8 mm broad, segmentiform to semi-ventricose, with sinuate edge; pale brownish at first then clay-brown with white, pruinose edge. Spores 9–13 × 5–5.7 [5.7–7] μm, ellipsoid, under microscope straw-yellow to pale yellow, almost smooth. Marginal hairs large, more or less lageniform, swollen at base, 30–60 × 8.5–11.5 μm (at apex 4–6.5 μm). Epicutis gelatinous, made up of filiform hyphae (× 2–4.2 μm); subcutis with vividly coloured membranous pigment, not very manifestly parenchymatous. Among mosses (Abietinella abietia and Camptothecium lutescens) in calcareous meadow, with some Pinus sylvestris and Betula verrucosa in the vicinity; early spring.

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis together with ITS sequence data, this is: = Hebeloma dunense L. Corb. & R. Heim.

Types: AUSTRALIA: near Melbourne (approx. 37.8143°S, 144.9632°E, alt. approx. 25 m a.s.l.), , H.T. Tisdall, det: M.C. Cooke, G. Massee (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139718, HJB1000166).

Commentary: See Hebeloma arenicolor (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.

Types: AUSTRALIA: near Melbourne (approx. 37.8143°S, 144.9632°E, alt. approx. 25 m a.s.l.), , H.T. Tisdall, det: M.C. Cooke, G. Massee (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139718, HJB1000166).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, smooth, rather viscid, dingy ochre or sand colour (1.5-2 in. broad). Stem cylindrical, subfibrillose, smooth, same colour as the pileus, fistulose, terminating at the base in a conical root (3in, long, 1/4 in. thick), gills adnate, rounded behind, scarcely crowded, ventricose, pallid, then ochraceous. Spores ellipsoid, dingy umber, 20 x 10-12 μ. On the ground. Near Melbourne ( Tisdall 44, 49).

Commentary: The material studied has spores that are thick walled and with a clear germ pore. Pegler (1965) suggested this taxon may belong to the genus Pachlepyrium Singer; it is not clear that such a genus was formally erected.

Original diagnosis: Differt a Hebeloma speciebus pileis (2-)3-5(-6) cm diam, auramtiobrunneis vel fusco; stipitibus 20-50 x 2-5 mm, albis, annulis destitutis, bases usque ad 15 mm diam, conmtextis miscellis arena; odorati Raphano; basidiospores subellipsoideis vel navicularibus, ferrugineis, rugulosis (9.5-)10-13(-14) x 5-7 μm; cheilocystidins frequens, cylindraccis vel veniricosis, apice globose. Crescens solo arenoso, pleurumaque plantulis conifers in America boreocentralis.

English translation: It differs from the species of Hebeloma in the pilei (2-)3-5(-6) cm diam., orange-brown or brownish; the stipes 20-50 x 2-5 mm, white, lacking annuli, bases up to 15 mm diam, woven together mixed with sand; smelling of horseradish; basidiospores subellipsoid or navicular, of a rusty colour, rugulose (9.5) 10-13 (-14) x 5-7 μm; cheilocystidia numerous, cylindraceous or ventricose with globose apex. Growing on sandy soil generally with seedlings of confers in North Central America.

Commentary: Based on both molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma sordidulum Sacc.

English translation: Diag. Bare small almost solitary, pileus slightly convex subumbonate pinkish-brick red smooth glabrous non-striate, lamellae sinuate-adnate pale ochraceous, stipe fibrous twisted pure white smooth or slightly squarrose, narrowly hollow, spores ovoid smooth. Hab. On bare ground in thickets, Park of La Plata, Apr. 1892. Obs. Solitary or subcaespitose; pileus slightly fleshy at first globose or ovate then gradually expanded, finally hemispherical to applanate (15-30 mm in diameter) in the centre more or less coarsely and obtusely umbonate, glabrous, smooth (when dry) under a good magnifying-glass subpulverulent slightly shiny or varnished beautifully and palely pinkish or violaceous-grey or brick red, on the marginal area not or just paler, margin colourless acute entire non-appendiculate; context slightly fleshy in the centre (2-3 mm thick) rather firm white; lamellae subcrowded, of various length membranous to rather fleshy moderaly broad (3-4 mm broad) externally acute-rounded, at the back sinuate-subadnate not or subdecurrent with a tooth very pale ochraceous or ochraceous with entire edge; stipe upright, straight or slightly flexuous terete (25-50 mm long. = 2-5 mm thick), fibrous slightly fleshy twisted pure white or becoming somewhat pale, glabrous smooth just loosely fibrillose-squamulose on the upper part (rarely in the middle or at the base), at base not or just enlarged, with very scanty white cottony mycelium, on the inside stuffed to hollow and pale brown; basidia small clavate (25 μ long. = 10 μ wide) hyaline; spores ovoid or subpyriform (10-16 μ (often 12-14) long.= 7.8 μ wide) pink to ochraceous. A very beautiful species with smell and taste almost absent.

Commentary: Within the latin diagnosis, *”Denudatum” (denuded, bare, stripped of covering) is ambiguous. It may refer to the lack of veil (Fries’ Denudati) or it may simply be a synonym of glabrous, lachink scales etc. The term "polymacriae" is a Greek compound, rarely used and taken to mean “of many dimensions”; referring to lamellae it probably should be interpreted as “of various length”. Thus far we have been unable to study type material of this taxon. Based on the diagnosis, it is not possible to determine whether this is a Hebeloma.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Greig, Lewis County (approx. 43.6815°N, 75.3546°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on burnt soil in pastureland, Sep. 1870, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-000328, HJB1000270).

Diagnosis: Pileus convex, smooth, viscid, pale alutaceous, often with a brighter colored disk; lamellae moderately broad, close, emarginate, attached, pallid or subolivaceous, stem equal, short, stufted or hollow, slightly fibrillose, paler than the pileus; spores produced in fragile, globuse asci borne on a thick, tapering, penetrating peduncle, elliptical, 1/3500' long. Plant 1' high, pileus 6"-12" broad, stem scarcely 1" thick. Burnt ground in pastures. Greig. September. (Plate 3, Figs. 1-6.) A species remarkable for the peculiar manner in which the spores are produced. There are a dozen or more in each ascus. Under slight pressure on the slide of the microscope the enveloping membrane bursts and separates from its peduncle which is of a firmer structure and bears some resemblance in size, shape and color to the spinules on the lamellae of A. spinulifer. The viscid pellicle of the pileus is separable when dry.

Commentary: The species (FIG. 23H) was originally described as Agaricus (Hebeloma) ascophorus (Peck 1872). It was never formally recombined into Hebeloma. Remarkably Peck’s original protologue describes the spores as being produced in asci. The examination of the holotype showed no sign of asci and spores with a clear germ pore, as well as the presence of pleurocystidia, all supporting Singer’s recombination in Pholiota. The presence of chrysocystidia (Singer 1969) could not be confirmed. According to Kauffman (1926) these “asci” were depicted by Peck (1872), plate 1.3. Kauffman wrote that Peck revised his view that these were spore-producing cells. It is not clear what Peck illustrated; nothing clearly corresponding to such structures could be found 90–100 years later in the material. Kauffman (1926:22) suggested these structures were formed by the species rather than by parasitic fungi, called them metalloid bodies, and described them as “sac-like with granular or blocked-out content, projecting very slightly above the basidia except when fully developed, apparently with a rather narrow pedicel below.” Peck (1889:139) considered A. ascophorus as “… merely a form of [P. highlandensis as “Flammula highlandensis”] with the squamules of the stem wanting or inconspicuous.”, thus anticipating – or causing – the later recognition of the taxon in Pholiota. Murrill (1917:197) followed Peck in the synonymization, but treated both in Gymnopilus under G. highlandensis. Kauffman (1926) referred to A. ascophora as “Flammula ascophora Peck” and, apparently also based on the presence of these metalloid bodies synonymized it with “F. highlandensis Peck”. Matheny et al. (2018) showed that types of P. carbonaria and P. highlandensis are included in the same species clade; P. carbonaria (Fr.) Singer has priority. Pholiota carbonaria and P. highlandensis are associated with burned ground (Matheny et al. 2018 and references therein). Burned ground was also the reported habitat for the type of P. ascophora. We have not studied types or other molecularly tested material of P. carbonaria and hesitate to synonymize P. ascophora with P. carbonaria based on literature.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 4-6 cm latus, cremeo-bubalinus, demum pallide bubalinus, disco obscurior, margine pallidior, viscidus. Contextus albus; odor raphanoideus, gustus raphanoideus deinde amarus. Lamellae anguste adnatae, roseobubalinae, angustae, stipatae. Stipes 6-15 cm longus, 7-10 mm crassus, albidus, siccus, leviter bulbosus. Velum deest. Sporae 10-14 x 4.5-6(-6.5) μm, limoniformes, asperulatae. Pleurocystidia desunt; cheilocystidia 34-66 x 5-12 μm, cylindrico-capitata demum subampullacea. Pilei trama ex hyphis intertextis composita. Hypodermium ex hyphis compositum.

English translation: Pileus 4-6 cm broad, creamy-buff, then pale buff, darker on the disc, with a paler margin, viscid. Context white; smell raphanoid, taste raphanoid, then bitter. Lamellae narrowly adnate, pinkish-buff, narrow, crowded. Stipe 10-14 x 4.5-6 (-6.5) μm, citriform, roughened. Pleurocystidia none; cheilocystidia 34-66 x 5-12 μm, cylindrical-capitate afterwards almost flask-shaped. Pileus trama made up of intertwined hyphae. Hypoderm made up of hyphae.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis, this is: = Hebeloma album Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo-plano, 3-4 cm. lato, viscido, rosei-isabellino, grato; lamellis sinuatis, latis, fimbriatis; sporis subovoideis, levibus, ochroleucis, 13-18 X 5-8 μ; stipite albo, 4-6 X 0.6-1 cm.

English translation: Pileus convex to applanate, 3-4 cm broad, viscid, pinkish-Isabella, pleasing; lamellae sinuate, broad, fimbriate; spores subovoid, smooth, pale ochraceous, 13-18 x 5-8 μ; stipe white, 4-6 x 0.6-1 cm.

Commentary: Cheilocystidia mainly clavate-ventricose and greater than 40 µm long, together with the distinctly ornamented, amygdaloid to limoniform spores, suggest Hebeloma subsect. Clepsydroida. Within this section of the genus, the spores, on ave. less than 13.5 × 7 µm, with a very strong papilla, almost snout-like, would indicate that this is most likely Hebeloma sordidulum. An ITS2 sequence from the isotype at TENN supports this determination (Eberhardt et al. 2022a). Thus, based on morphological analysis and a partial ITS sequence generated from the isotype, this is: = H. sordidulum Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus primum hemisphaericus, deinde minus convexus vel applanatus, 8-24 mm latus, supra viscidus, obscure fuscus vel paene niger, ad marginem et provecta aetate omnino laetior. Velum universale validum. Lamellae emarginatae. Stipe 12-35 x 1.5-3 mm magnus, cylindricus. Sporae amygdaloides, 10.5-12.5 x 6-7 μm magnae, asperulae, dextrinoides. Cheilocystidia cylindrica prope bases dilatata. Habitat in solo palustri sub Salice.

English translation: Pileus hemispherical at first, then weakly convex or applanate, 8–24 mm broad, viscid, dark grey-brown almost black, at margin and later on entirely paler. Universal veil present. Lamellae emarginate. Stipe 12–35 × 1.5-3 mm, cylindrical. Spores amygdaloid, 10.5-12.5 × 6–7 μm, roughened, dextrinoid. Cheilocystidia cylindrical, broadened near base. In marshy soil near Salix.

Commentary: Based on morphological studies and ITS sequences, this is: = Hebeloma nigellum Bruchet.

Diagnosis: Not found.

Commentary: We have not examined the type. According to G. Gates (private communication), this is most likely Tubaria rufofulva.

Original diagnosis: Einzeln auf Grasboden unter Fichten. Hut wenig fleischig, ausgebreitet mit eingerolltem Rande und flach-verteilter Mitte, glatt, etwas glänzend, dunkel lederbraun, bei 2-2.5 unc. breit. Lamellen entrandet, sehr breit angewachsen, hinten bei 6 lin. breit, weit, gelb-zimmetbraun. Strunk in den Hut übergehend, verkehrt konisch, ober bei 9 lin. dick, 1 – 1¾ unc. lang, weiss, voll und hat – gleich dem Hute – ein festes weisses Fleisch. Spores dunkel-rostbraun, lang-verkehrt-eiformig, 0.01 mm. lang. Geruchlos und ohne besonderem Geschmack.

English translation: Solitary in grass under Picea. Pileus not very fleshy, expanded with inrolled margin and shallowly depressed centre, glabrous, somewhat shiny, dark leather brown, about 4–5 cm broad. Lamellae emarginate, very broadly attached, close to stipe about 15 mm broad, yellowish cinnamon. Flesh of the whole fungus yellow. Stipe curved, fibrillose, full, then hollow, paler than the lamellae, darker towards the base, almost in every part 3–3.5 mm broad, confluent with the pileus, 7.5 cm long. Spores coffee-russet, broadly ovoid, 8 μm. long. Without significant smell or taste .

Commentary: Described by Schulzer under the heading Hebeloma, it is not possible from the protologue to say what species this is, but being described with yellow flesh in the entire basidiome suggests that this is most likely not a Hebeloma.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 3-3.5 cm latus, late convexus vel umbonatus, aurantiocinnamomeus demum cinnamomeus, in siccitate vinaceobrunneus; gustus farinaceo-amarus. Lamellae confertae, latae, adnexae. Stipes 9-10 cm longus, 3-4 mm crassus, sericeo-fibrillosus, pallidus. Velum pallide alutaceum. Sporae 7-9 x 5-5.5 μm, dextrinoideae, in "KOH" pallide luteae, inequilaterales, subleves. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia 12 -22 x 3-6 x 1.5-2.5 x 3-4 μm, + tibiiformes. Cuticula pileorum ixotrichoderma est.

English translation: Pileus 3-3.5 mm broad, broadly convex or umbonate, orangish-cinnamon, later cinnamon, vinaceous-brown when dried; taste mealy, bitter. Lamellae crowded, broad, adnexed. Stipe 9-10 cm long, 3-4 mm thick, fibrillose, silky, pale. Veil pale buff. Spores 7-9 x 5-5.5 μm, dextrinoid, pale yellow in “KOH”, inequilateral, almost smooth. Basidia tetrasporic. Cheilocystidia 12 -22 x 3-6 x 1.5-2.5 x 3-4 μm, more or less tibiiform. The cuticle of the pilei is an ixotrichoderm.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma olympianum A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel

Original diagnosis: Pileus glaberrimus, levissimus, primo subemisphaericus (40''' diam.) dein explanato-expansus (60-70'''), ac saepe centro depressulus, margine repando, integro v. parce minuteque fisso, lateritio-gilvus v. lateritio-griseolus, medio non v. obscurior, iove sicco tenacello-fragilis, in senectute varie lobato-fissus, cute non difficile separanda; stipes albus, carnosulus, teres (50-65''' x 4-6''') basi inerassatulo-clavulatus, levis v. furfuraceo-squamulosus praecipue apicem versus, ubi etiam inerassatulus; lamellae saepius dimacriae, latiusculae (20-25''' x 7-8'''), confertiusculae, antice acute rotundatae, deorsum rotundato-subliberae, latiores, crassiusculae, superne saepius costao-rugulosae, acie undulata, subcrenulata pallida, primo fulvescentes, dein lateritio-gilvae, pulveraceo-tectae; caro pilei candida, compactiuscula, subexsucca, immutabilis, erassiuscula in stipitem ac hymeniophorum descendens; illa stipitis externe fibroso-tenacella, interne medullosa saepe per aetateom evanescens; odor intensissimus, nauseoso-virosus, peculiaris, fore Russulae foetidae putrescentis; basidia cylindraceo-clavulata (30-35 x 8-9), hyalina, sterigmatibus minutis; sporae elliptico-sublimoniformes (13-15 x 9-10), dense granuloso-farctae, rubiginoso-lateritiae.

English translation: Pileus completely glabrous, very smooth, at fist almost hemispherical (40 mm diam.), then applanate-expanded (60-70 mm), and often shallowly depressed in the centre, margin wavy, entire or scarcely and very shortly split, testaceous-yellow or testaceous-greyish, darker or not in the centre, in dry weather slightly tough to fragile, with age variably lobate-split, cuticle easily peelable; stipe white, slightly fleshy, terete (50-60 mm x 4-6 mm), slightly enlarged to hardly clavate at base, smooth or scurfy-squamulose, especially towards the apex, where it is also slightly enlarged; lamellae more frequently of two length, slightly broad (20-25 mm x 7-8 mm), slightly crowded, acutely rounded at the outermost end, rounded-subfree below (at the attachment?), broader, somewhat thick, in the upper portion often intervenose-wrinkled, edge wavy, subcrenulate pale, at first pale brown, then testaceous-yellow, covered with powder; context of the pileus pure white, slightly dense, juiceless, unchangeable slightly thicker in the stipe and continuous with the pileus; that of the stipe externally fibrous slightly tough, internally medullary often vanishing with age; smell very strong, nauseous-stinking, peculiar, almost that of rotting Russula foetida; basidia cylindraceous-clavate (30-35 x 8-9), hyaline, sterigmata very small; spores ellipsoid-sublimoniform (13-15 x 9-10), content densely granulose, rusty red to brick red.

Commentary: In the latin diagnosis there are some terms that may be ambiguous. The term "dimacriae" is a Greek compound, rarely used and taken to mean “of two dimensions”; referring to lamellae it probably should be interpreted as “of two lengths”. The term “hymenophorum” can refer to the hymenium but can also mean “pileus”. A possibility that makes sense might be “and coming down from the pileus”, that is to say “… and continuous with the pileus”. Another might be “but reduced in the hymenophore (i.e. narrower in the part of the stipe where the lamellae are attached”. Thus far we have been unable to study type material of this taxon. Based on the diagnosis, it is not possible to determine whether this is a Hebeloma, although the description of the spores makes it unlikely.

Types: UNITED STATES: California: Stanford Univ (approx. 37.4275°N, 122.1697°W, alt. approx. 30 m a.s.l.) on litter under Quercus sp., 4 Dec. 1901, C.F. Baker (147), det: F.S. Earle (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814992, HJB1000282; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. TENN 037532, HJB1000323; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-f-039679, HJB1000324).

Diagnosis: Solitary, among decaying oak leaves; pileus 5-7 cm., expanded, cream color, disc darker, viscid and slimy, glabrous, margin entire; lamellae deeply sinuate, heterophyllous, crowded, subventricose, pale ochraceous brown, edges white and suberose, spores elliptic-ovate, 10-12 x 6-7 μ, usually with a large central vacuole; veil none; stipe long, about 8 cm. x 7 mm., equal, subglabrous below, pruinose above, colored like the pileus, solid; flesh white or cream, unchanging, taste and smell mild.

Commentary: Based on both molecular and morphological data this is: = Hebeloma velutipes Bruchet. The name H. bakeri has priority over H. velutipes. Hebeloma velutipes is arguably the most common Hebeloma collected worldwide and has been cited in many articles and field guides globally. Thus, to safeguard nomenclatural stability we believe the name Hebeloma velutipes should be conserved.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-4.5 cm latus, demum late convexus, glaber, viscidus, albus vel subalbidus; contextus subalbidus; sapor amarellus ("unpleasant"-Barrows); (odor "woody"-Barrows). Lamellae albae demum argillaceae, confertae, angustae. Stipes 3-5 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus, albus, deorsum demum leviter umbrinus. Velum fibrillosum. Sporae 10-12.5 x 5-7 μm, sublimoniformes, tarde et leviter dextrinoideae. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia (34) 46-68 x 4-6 x 8-14 μm, elongato-clavata vel filamentosa vel capitata.

English translation: Pileus 2-4.5 cm broad, finally broadly convex, glabrous, viscid, dull white or whitish; context whitish; taste bitterish (“unpleasant” – Barrows); (smell “woody” – Barrows). Lamellae white, finally buff, crowded, narrow. Stipe 3-5 cm long, 4-6 mm thick, white, downwards pale brown with age. Veil fibrillose. Spores 10-12.5 x 5-7 μm, subcitriform, slowly slightly dextrinoid. Basidia four-spored. Cheilocystidia (34) 46-68 x 4-6 x 8-14 μm, elongate clavate or filamentous or capitate.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: Hebeloma album Peck

Types: CANADA: Nunavut: Bellot Island (approx. 81.7002°N, 64.8871°W, alt. approx. 0 m a.s.l.) in arctic tundra, 14 Aug. 1876, C. Feilden, det: M.J. Berkeley (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)165365, HJB1000245).

Commentary: See Hebeloma bellotianum (Berk.) Beker & U. Eberh.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-4 cm latus, demum late convexus vel subplanus, saepe obtuse umbonatus, viscidus, at centrum glaber, ad marginem fibrillosoareolatus; ad centrum "Warm Sepia" (sordide fulvus), tarde ("Sayal Brown") obscure cinnamomeus, tarde glabrescens. Contextus brunneus demum pallidus, fragilis, odor nullus, sapor mitis. Lamellae demum ventricosae, confertae, adnatae, demum obscure cinnamomeae. Stipes 3-7 cm longus, 4-7 mm crassus, pallidus deorsum brunnescens, fibrillosus, saepe subannulatus. Velum bicoloratum: cortina album, extus pallide argillaceum. Sporae 7-9 (10) x 4.5-5.5 μm, in "KOH" argillaceae, non dextrinoideae ovoideae vel ellipsoideae, subleves. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia 36-57 x 7-12 x 4-5 μm, fusoid-ventricosa, obtusa, rare clavata vel versiformes.

English translation: Pileus 2-4 cm broad, finally broadly convex or subapplanate, often obtusely umbonate, viscid, glabrous on the disc, fibrillose-areolate on the margin; “Warm Sepia” (dingy fulvous) on the disc, slowly (“Sayal Brown”) a dull shade of cinnamon, becoming glabrous in age. Context brown, finally pale, fragile, smell none, taste mild. Lamellae finally ventricose, crowded, adnate, finally dull cinnamon. Stipe 3-7 cm long. 4-7 mm thick, pale, discolouring brown downwards, fibrillose, often subannulate. Veil two-coloured: cortina white, pale argillaceous on the outside. Spores 7-9 (10) x 4.5-5.5 μm, argillaceous in "KOH", indextrinoid, ovoid or ellipsoid, almost smooth. Basidia four-spored. Cheilocystidia 36-57 x 7-12 x 4-5 μm, fusoid-ventricose, obtuse, rarely clavate or versiform.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis, this is: = Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-4 cm latus convexus demum plano-expansus, viscidus, pallidofibrillosus, glabrescens, griseus vel brunneogriseus ("Drab" vel "Wood Brown") tarde demum brunneo-cinnamomeus, ad marginem + appendiculatus. Contextus pallidus, odor et gustus subpungens (non raphaninus). Lamellae latae, confertae, adnatae, pallidae demum obscure cinnamomeae, non maculatae. Stipes 4-6 cm longus, 6-10 crassus, pallidus, fibrillosus, deorsum brunnescens. Sporae 8.5-11 x 5.5-6.5 (7) μm, ovoideae vel ellipsoideae vel in laterales subphasaeoliformes, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia 34-75 x 4-7 μm, subclavata, filamentosa vel cylindrica vel fusoide-ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 2-4 cm broad, broadly convex, finally applanate-expanded, viscid, with pale fibrils, becoming glabrous, grey or brownish-grey (“Drab” or “Wood Brown”), slowly brownish-cinnamon with age, more or less appendiculate along the margin. Context pale, smell and taste almost pungent (non-raphanoid). Lamellae broad, crowded, adnate, pale, finally dull cinnamon, not spotted brown. Stipe 4-6 cm long, 6-10 mm thick, pale, fibrillose, discolouring brown downwards. Spores 8.5-11 x 5.5-6.5 (7) μm, ovoid or ellipsoid or subphaseoliform in side-view, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 34-75 x 4-7 μm, subclavate, filamentous either cylindrical or fusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: Unfortunately we were unable to generate any DNA sequence data was generated but based on morphological analysis, this is: = Hebeloma velatum (Peck) Peck.

Types: SWEDEN: Ostergotland at Rejmyre, NW of Norrkoping. (approx. 58.82°N, 15.92°E, alt. approx. 75 m a.s.l.) in coniferous woodland, 4 Sep. 1994, J. Vesterholt (94-390) (Neotype. herbarium acc. no. C-F-74732, HJB1000122). Neotype designated by Vesterholt, Fungi N. Eur. 3. 3: (2005) page 116.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma birrus (Fr.) Gillet ["as birrum"] (1884)

Commentary: See Hebeloma birrus (Fr.) Gillet.

Types: SWEDEN: Ostergotland at Rejmyre, NW of Norrkoping. (approx. 58.82°N, 15.92°E, alt. approx. 75 m a.s.l.) in coniferous woodland, 4 Sep. 1994, J. Vesterholt (94-390) (Neotype. herbarium acc. no. C-F-74732, HJB1000122). Neotype designated by Vesterholt, Fungi N. Eur. 3. 3: (2005) page 116.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma birrus (Fr.) Gillet ["as birrum"] (1884)

Commentary: See Hebeloma birrus (Fr.) Gillet.

Types: SWEDEN: Ostergotland at Rejmyre, NW of Norrkoping. (approx. 58.82°N, 15.92°E, alt. approx. 75 m a.s.l.) in coniferous woodland, 4 Sep. 1994, J. Vesterholt (94-390) (Neotype. herbarium acc. no. C-F-74732, HJB1000122). Neotype designated by Vesterholt, Fungi N. Eur. 3. 3: (2005) page 116.

Commentary: See Hebeloma birrus (Fr.) Gillet.

Types: FRANCE: Ain, near Courmangoux (approx. 46.333°N, 5.367°E, alt. approx. 400 m a.s.l.) on soil under Carpinus betulus, 19 Oct. 1964, G. Bruchet (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. LY BR64-38, HJB1000108).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma danicum Gröger (1987)

Commentary: See Hebeloma danicum Gröger.

Types: GERMANY: Thuringia, between "Hohe Sonne" and Wilhelmstal near Eisenach (approx. 50.93°N, 10.32°E, alt. approx. 300 m a.s.l.) in mixed woodland, 9 Oct. 1982, not recorded, det: F. Gröger (Holotype. held at herbarium JE, HJB1000125; Isotype. held at herbarium JE, HJB1000020; Isotype. held at herbarium JE, HJB1000125).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma herrmanniae Gröger (1985)

Commentary: See Hebeloma herrmanniae Gröger.

Original diagnosis: Fungus differt a typo odore Anthrisci cerefolii vel simili ad spiritus praecipue clausus.

English translation: Fungus differs from the type by the odour of Antriscus cerefolius or flowerlike, particularly when basidiome still closed.

Commentary: Morphological analysis reveals the spores are too large for H. birrus but match well with those of H. anthracophilum. Sequences confirm this determination. So, although the diagnosis makes no mention of burnt ground, it is likely that this was growing on burnt ground: = Hebeloma anthracophilum Maire.

DENMARK: WJ, Vrogum,Vrogum Plantage NW of Oksby (approx. 55.65°N, 8.29°E, alt. approx. 15 m a.s.l.) on mossy soil in boreal, coniferous woodland under Picea sp., 3 Nov. 2002, J. Vesterholt (02-890) (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. C D-F-40666, BR 5020184114527 (isoepitype), HJB11593). Epitype designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 463 (MBT202549).

Lectotype (icon) later reproduced as plate 119b in Lange, Fl. Agaric. Danica 3 (1938).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma pumilum J.E. Lange (1940)

Commentary: See Hebeloma pumilum J.E. Lange.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-3 cm latus, convexus demum planus, ad marginem sparse fibrillosus, glabrescens, subviscidus, cinnamomeus. Contextus albus tactu pallide ochraceus; sapor mitis; odor suaveolens. Lamellae confertae, adnatae, latae, avellaneae demum cinnamomeae. Stipes 3-4 cm longus, 3-4 mm crassus, deorsum lutescens, sursum albopruinosus. Velum sparsim, albidum. Sporae 10-13.5 x 6-7.5 μm, leviter dextrinoideae, subfusiformes. Cheilocystidia 48-70 x 5-8 x 3-4 (5) μm, fusoide ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 2-3 cm broad, convex, finally applanate, sparsely fibrillose on the margin, becoming glabrous, subviscid, cinnamon. Context white, pale ochraceous on handling; taste mild; smell pleasant. Lamellae crowded, adnate, broad, hazel brown, finally cinnamon. Stipe 3-4 cm long, 3-4 mm thick, becoming yellow downwards, white, pruinose at the apex. Veil sparse, white. Spores 10-13.5 x 6-7.5 μm, slightly dextrinoid, subfusoid. Cheilocystidia 48-70 x 5-8 x 3-4 (5) μm, fusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: Based on both molecular and morphological analysis, this is: = Hebeloma praeolidum A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel

Types: GRENADA: Saint George Parish, Along roadside near Tempé Lowlands (approx. 12.0587°N, 61.7339°W, alt. approx. 70 m a.s.l.) in tropical woodland roadside, 1912, W.E. Broadway, det: W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814876, HJB1000288; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039676, HJB1000329).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, convex to expanded, 2-4 cm. broad; surface white, glabrous, subviscid, not striate; lamellae adnexed, crowded, rather narrow, white to ochraceous-fulvous, the edge white, crenulate; spores ochraceous-fulvous, ellipsoid, 12-14 X 7-μ; stipe cylindric, white, glabrous, hollow, 3-4 cm. long, 2-4 mm. thick.

Commentary: The spores (12–14 × 7–8 µm) are thick-walled with a clearly visible germ pore. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are present, ventricose to clavate. The recombination into Agrocybe s.l. is further supported by an ITS sequence that was generated from the holotype, which clusters with other collections referred to Agrocybe that are not part of the Agrocybe s. str. clade. Agrocybe (excluding Cyclocybe) is currently considered to be a member of the Strophariaceae (Tian and Matheny 2020), but it was not shown as monophyletic in some recent reconstructions (Vizzini et al. 2014; Frings et al. 2020) and in various reconstruction attempts tested here with different sets of species and loci (results not shown). Sequence data suggests that the type of A. broadwayi may be conspecific with another collection from Florida, referred to A. retigera (FLAS:60923), see UNITE SH1612235.08FU. This species was described in Naucoria by Spegazzini (1923, preprint 1922 fide https://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/tl-2/index.cfm ) from Paraguay and was recombined into Agrocybe by Singer (1950). Comparative studies of both types are necessary to verify a possible synonymy. Niveiro et al. (2020) commented on both species and provided a key, however, their descriptions were all based on material from Argentina, thus not on types. A herbarium note (maybe from L.R. Hesler): “Singer, R. (1953) states that specimens collected by Dennis have all the characters of Agrocybe neocoprophila Sing., based on Hebeloma coprophilum Rick (non A. coprophila Sing., 1950). No sequence information exists under the name of A. neocoprophylla.

Types: SWITZERLAND: Col de Gajer,Grisons (approx. 46.61°N, 9.57°E, alt. approx. 2620 m a.s.l.) on decomposed litter in alpine meadow under Salix herbacea, 30 Aug. 1966, G. Bruchet (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. LY BR66-55, HJB1000068).

Homotypic synonyms: Hebeloma repandum Bruchet (1970); Hebelomatis repandum Locq. (1979) [“1977”]

Original diagnosis: Cortina manifesta, saepe etiam in adultis copiosa ac persistente; pileo concolore et pallidiore, fulvo, e luteo brunneo, fere omnino expanso, usque ad 30 mm lato; stipite 17-25 x 3,5-5 mm, crassiore, grosse fibrilloso, albido parum ac inferne solum fuscescente; lamellis siccis. Sporis 9-10,5 x 5-6 μm, brevioribus, obtusis ac sublevibus, distincto tenuisque ambitu; pilis marginum inferne ad 8,5-10 μm, inflatis. Species alpina, inter Salices herbacens crescens.

English translation: Cortina manifest, often plentiful and persistent in adult specimens, pileus uniformly coloured and pallid, fulvous, yellow then brown, almost entirely expanding, up to 30 mm broad; stipe 17–25 × 3.5–5 μm, thick, coarsely fibrillose, white, only slightly turning brown below; lamellae dry. Spores 9–10.5 × 5–6 μm, shortish, blunt, almost smooth, thin-walled; marginal hairs broadened at base up to 8.5–10 μm. Alpine species, growing among Salix herbacea.

Commentary: We have studied the holotype morphologically and molecularly. This is: = Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2.5-4 cm latus, disco argillacio, alibi cinnamomeo-bubalino, margine pallidior, viscidus. Contextus tenuis, albus; odor et gustus raphanoideus. Lamellae rotundae, anguste adjunctae, albae deinde rhamneobrunneae, confertae, angustae. Stipes 4-7 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus, albus, basi bulbosus, tubulatus. Velum deest. Sporae 9.5-13 x 6-7 μm, subfusoideae, rugosae, calyptratae. Pleurocystidia desunt; cheilocystidia 42-72 x 5-7 μm, infra ventricosa. Pilei trama radiale. Hypodermium cellulare. (Plate I6.)

English translation: Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad, argillaceous on the disc, elsewhere cinnamon-buff, with a paler margin, viscid. Context thin, white; smell and taste raphanoid. Lamellae rounded, narrowly attached, white then buckthorn brown, crowded, narrow. Stipe 4-7 cm long, 4-6 mm thick, white, with bulbous base, fistulose. Veil none. Spores 9.5-13 x 6-7 μm, subfusoid, rugose, calyptrate. Pleurocystidia none; cheilocystidia 42-72 x 5-7 μm, ventricose below. Pileus trama radial. Hypoderm cellular. (Plate 16.)

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis, this is: = Hebeloma albidulum Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-3.5 cm latus, obtuse conicus demum + planus, ad marginem griseofibrillosus, glabrescens, obscure rufobrunneus demum spadiceus; odor fragrans, gustus mitis. Lamellae pallidae deinde "Vinaceous-Buff" (griseoincarnatae) demum obscure cinnamomeae, latae, adnatae, secedentes, non maculatae. Stipes 4-7 cm longus, 4-7 mm crassus, deorsum atrobrunneus, sursum pallidus. Velum cinereum, evanescens. Sporae 8-10 x 6-6.5 μm non dextrinoideae, ellipsoideae vel subphasaeoliformes vel leviter inequilaterales, subleves. Cheilocystidia 42-68 x 7-12 μm, fusoid-ventricosa, collo elongato et flexuoso, ad apicem obtusa.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-3.5 cm broad, obtusely conical, finally more or less applanate, with greyish fibrils on the margin, becoming glabrous, a dull shade of reddish-brown, finally date brown; smell fragrant, taste mild. Lamellae pale, later “Vinaceous-Buff” (greyish-flesh-coloured), finally dull cinnamon, broad, adnate, seceding, non-spotted. Stipe 4-7 cm long, 4-7 mm thick, downwards blackish-brown, pale at the apex. Veil greyish, vanishing. Spores 8-10 x 6-6.5 μm, indextrinoid, ellipsoid, subphaseoliform or slightly inequilateral, almost smooth. Cheilocystidia 42-68 x 7-12 μm, fusoid-ventricose, with a long, wavy neck and an obtuse apex.

Commentary: Unfortunately we were unable to generate any DNA molecular data. However, based on morphology, habitat and locality, this is: = Hebeloma alpinicola A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-4 cm latus, convexus, deinde planus vel umbonatus, cinnamomeo-brunneus, demum + aurantiobrunneus, subviscidus, demum brunneomaculatus, ad marginem fibrillosus. Velum pallide argillaceum. Odor distinctus sed non raphaninus vel fragrans. Lamellae latae, adnatae, confertae, brunneolae deinde obscure cinnamomeae. Stipes 4.5-5 cm longus, 4-7 mm crassus, brunneus, fibrillosus. Sporae 7-9 x 5-5.5 μm, in cumulis fulvae, ovoideae vel ellipsoideae, subleves, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia 36-58 x 7-8 x 4-5.5,μm, + fusoid-ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 2-4 cm broad, convex, then applanate or umbonate, cinnamon-brown, finally more or less orange-brown, subviscid, with brown spots in age, fibrillose on the margin. Veil pale argillaceous. Smell distinct, but non-raphanoid or fragrant. Lamellae broad, adnate, crowded, brownish, later dull cinnamon. Stipe 4.5-5 cm long, 4-7 mm thick, brown, fibrillose. Spores 7-9 x 5-5.5 μm, fulvous in mass, ovoid or ellipsoid, almost smooth, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 36-58 x 7-8 x 4-5.5 μm, more or less fusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: Based on morphlogical and molecular analysis, this is: = Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 25-55 mm latus, convexus vel umbonate complanatus, viscidus, aurantiaco-bubalinus, solum juxta marginem zonam angustam manifestum pallidiorem exhibens. Lamellae dense confertae, mediae latitudinis, aciebus guttulas gerentibus. Stipes cylindricus, ad basem saepe bulbosus, 60-110 x 5-12 (-14) mm magnus, ad basem 6-15 (-29) mm diam., fibrosus, imprimis supra pruinosus, albus, demum infra sursum ochraceo-fusco affectus. Velum partiale nullum. Odor raphanoides. Sapor mitis, raphanoides. Sporae amygdaloides, 9-11,5 x 5,5-6.5 μm magnae, subtiliter ornatae, valde dextrinoides, perisporio non deciduo. Cheilocystidia cylindrica, 9-11,5 x 5,5-6,5 μm. Inter muscos in silvis coniferarum inventum.

English translation: Pileus 25–35 mm broad, convex or expanded-umbonate, viscid, orange-brown, paler only in narrow zone near margin. Lamellae densely crowded, medium broad, edge exuding droplets. Stipe cylindrical, often broadened at base, 60–110 × 5–12(–14) mm, at base 6–15(–29) mm wide, fibrous, pruinose, particularly at apex, white, then tinged ochrebrown from below. Cortina absent. Odour raphanoid. Taste weak, raphanoid. Spores amygdaloid, 9–11.5 × 5.5–6.5 μm, finely ornamented, strongly dextrinoid, perispore not loosening. Cheilocystidia cylindrical, 9–11.5 × 5.5–6.5 μm. Found among mosses in coniferous forest.

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis and sequences from various loci, this is: = Hebeloma incarnatulum A.H. Sm.

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnoso, fornicato-expanso, obtuso, flavido, albido-sericeo-pruinato, viscidulo, carne albida, 3-4.5 cm lato; stipite erecto vel arcuato, aequali, subcavo, deorsum solido, basi bulbo subturbinato; fibroso-striato, concolore pileo, 6-9 cm longo, 5-7 mm crasso, bulbo 8-11 mm diametro; lamellis lanceolatis, rotundato-adnexis, subconfertis, fuscoflavis, acie pallidioribus, 4 mm latis ; sporis subfuscis, subovatis, utrinque breviter acuminatis 10 x 5 μ. In den bewaldeten Bergabhängen des Rheintals. Mit H. elatum Batsch verwandt.

English translation: Pileus fleshy, convex-expanded, blunt, yellowish, white silky-pruinose, slightly viscid, context white, 3–4.5 cm broad; stipe straight or curved, equal, subfistulose, solid towards base, with submarginate bulb, fibrous-striate, same colour as pileus, 6–9 cm long, 5–7 mm broad, bulb 8–11 mm broad; lamellae lanceolate, rounded adnexed, moderately crowded, brownish yellow with paler edge, 4 mm broad; spores brownish, subovate both sides slightly narrowing, 10 × 5 μm. In wooded slopes of the Rhine Valley. Related to H. elatum Batsch.

Commentary: Judging from the protologue this may be a species of Hebeloma sect. Velutipes, and the spore size indicates Hebeloma velutipes or H. leucosarx as most likely, but without type material or an illustration we cannot be sure.

Original diagnosis: Fungus albus vel lutescens, pileo hemisphaerico, laevi, dein pulvinato, c. 4-5 cm. lato, umbone obtuso, jove udo subviscoso; carne alba (centro circiter, 1 cm. crassa), stipite medullato farcto (6-7 cm. longo, 0,5 cm. lato), albo apice farinoso, basi in bulbillo subsphaerico inflato; lamellis liberis, subconfertis, acie crenulatis et albo punctatis, cinnamomeis. Dispositio lamellarum et schemate 13231 expressa est. Hab. Catervatim in graminosis, betuletis et alnetis, in alpibus Pedemontium (Jaco-punt, Bricherasio), septembri mense. Obs. Micr. Trama sat regularis; subhymenium pseudoparenchymaticum monostratum. Paraphysae clavatae. Basidia emergentia (27 x 9 μm) tetrasterigmatica. Sporae (9 x 6 μm) ovoideo-conicae, laeves vel subtiliter punctatae, sub. micro ochraceae. - Cuticula pilei monostrata, glutinosa.

English translation: A white or yellowing Fungus. Pileus hemispherical, smooth, then cushion-shaped (convex), c. 4–5 cm broad, with blunt umbo, subviscid when young and moist, context white (centre ca. 1 cm thick); stipe stuffed, medullate (6–7 cm long, 0.5 cm wide), white with mealy apex, base inflated, subbulbous; lamellae free, rather crowded, with crenulate, white punctate edge, cinnamon-coloured. Spore print like 13231 in schema. In groups among grass near Betula and Alnus, in the Alps of Piedmont (Jaco-punt, Bricherasio), September. Microscopic observations: Trama rather regular; subhymenium pseudoparenchymatical, unilayered. Paraphyses clavate. Basidia emerging, (27 × 9 μm). Spores (9 × 6 μm) ovoid-conical, smooth or slightly punctate, ochraceous under microscope. Cuticle of pileus unilayered, glutinous.

Commentary: The diagnosis brings to mind Hebeloma sect. Velutipes, and within that section H. leucosarx and H. velutipes. However, without a photograph or type collection we cannot make a determination.

Types: FRANCE: Landes, Aureilhan (approx. 43.24°N, 0.09°E, alt. approx. 310 m a.s.l.) on boggy, decomposed soil and litter in woodland ditch under Pinus pinaster and Quercus pendunculata, 13 Oct. 1977, H. Mesplede, det: H. Romagesi (77.333) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. PC0091492, HJB1000061).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma favrei Romagn. & Quadr. (1985) ["1984"]

Original diagnosis: Synonyme: Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. bulbiferum Favre non R. Maire, loc. cit. p. 488). - Pileo (2)-2.5-5.7 cm, primum e campanulato convexo, dein expanso, margine anguste involuta, dein magis minusve undata, e rufulo ochraceo, in ambitu pallidiore, cute viscidula, laeve atque paulum micacea, vetustate rugulosa. Stipite brevi, 2.5-5 x 0.5-0.7 cm, sursum cylindrato, deorsum manifeste bulbosa (usque ad 1 cm), plena, dein medullato, demum cavo, cortice firmo, albo vel albido, fere toto pruinoso. Carne crassiuscula, firmula, albida, paulum pallidissimo colore brunneolo in cortice stipitis tincta. Odore raphanoideo, sapore amarescente. Lamellis stipatis, triplici serie lamellularum, (2-)3-5 mm latis, rotundatis subliberis vel adnatis, pallide argilaceis, acie crenata ac guttulis plerumque limpidis, interdum lacteis. - Sporis late ovoideis-amygdaliformibus, (8.7-) 9-11.7 x 6-6.8 μm, 10-11.7 x 5.7-6.5-(8) μm (NH4OH), luteolis, sublaevibus vel subtiliter punctatis. Basidiis 20-32 x 8-10 μm. Pilis marginalibus longe clavatis, interdum inferne ampullaceis, 37-60-(80) x 5-6 μm x 6-9 m. Epicute gelata, pilis erectis (ixotrichodermate) longioribus x 3-4 μm, cylindratis, haud vel parum summis incrassatis, brevioribus (in strato inferiore) manifeste clavatis (5-7 μm), sparsis; subcute magis minusve manifeste specie pseudoparenchymatica. Fibulis praesentibus. - Sub Pinis pinastris, Quercibusque pedunculatis, locis graminosis, fossis luteis.

English translation: Pileus (2–)2.5–5.7 μm, at first campanulate convex then expanding, with narrowly involute margin, then strongly more or less undulating, first reddish then ochraceous, paler at margin, with slightly viscid cuticle, glabrous and weakly micaceous, with rugulose covering. Stipe short, 2.5–3.5 × 0.5–0.7 cm, cylindrical in upper part, manifestly bulbous at base (up to 1 cm), solid then medullate finally hollow, with firm cortex, white or whitish, almost entirely pruinose. Context rather thick and firm, white in cortex of stipe very pale brown. Odour aphanoid. Taste bitter. Lamellae crowded with three lengths of lamellulae (2–)3–5 mm broad, rounded almost free or adnate, pale clay-coloured, with crenulate edge and guttulate with a clear or sometimes milky liquid. Spores broadly ovoid-amygdaloid, (8.7–) 9–11.7 × 6–6.8 μm, 10–11.7 × 5.7–6.5(–8) μm in NH4OH, yellowish, almost smooth or subtly punctate. Basidia 20–32 × 8–10 μm. Marginal hairs long clavate, sometimes ampulliform below, 37–60 (–80) × 5–8 μm. Epicutis gelatinous, with long erect hairs (ixotrichoderm), 3–4 μm wide, cylindrical, not or at apex slightly enlarged, rarely widened in lower part and distinctly clavate (5–7 μm); subcutis somewhat more parenchymatical. Clamps present. With Pinus pinaster and Quercus pedunculata in grassy spots in muddy ditches.

Commentary: See Hebeloma favrei Romagn. & Quadr.

Original diagnosis: Busporus. Hebeloma pileo carnosulo convexoexpanso laevi nudo ochroleuco centro obscuriore, stipite cavo aequali pallido nudo, lamellis latiusculis subsinuatis pallidis, sporis in charta sordide luteis subolivascentibus micr. laevibus fere ecoloribus, 11-12 x 6-7. Dem Ag. nudipes Kalchbr. t. 14,3 ähnlich, der aber vollen Stiel und augenfällig gelbe Lamellen hat. Barnstorfer Tannen. August.

English translation: Hebeloma busporus. Pileus fleshy, convex-expanded, smooth, glabrous,ochre-yellow with darker centre; stipe equal, hollow, pale, glabrous; lamellae broad, subsinuate, pale; spores in mass sordid yellow with olivaceous tinge under microscope smooth almost colourless, 11–12 × 6–7 m. Similar to Agaricus nudipes Kalchbr., which differs in a stuffed stipe and remarkably yellow lamellae. Barnstorfer Tannen, August.

Commentary: Judging from the protologue, Hebeloma busporus is apparently a species of H. sect. Denudata, but without material the identity remains uncertain

The material selected as lectotype is from one of the two localities mentioned in the protologue and was collected five years before the species was described, so meets the criterion to be designated as lectotype.

Original diagnosis: Dense caespitosum vel etiam solitarium. Pileo 3-4 cm diam., obtuse humiliter convexo tum explanato, saepe umbonato, sicco, haud lucido, ahygrophano, albido tincto alutaceo usque griseo-fusco, haud lucido, glabro, iuventute cortina abundanti (quae in stipite anulum arachnoideum relinquit), cum stipite coniuncto. Stipite longissimo, deorsum vix leniter incrassato, 3-5 mm crasso, firme elastico, solido, albido, longitudinaliter fimbriato-fibrilloso, tactu brunnescenti, apice granulato-furfuraceo. Lamellis confertis, sordide pallidis, tum carneo-ferrugineis, latis, adnatis, acie albis et subtiliter denticulatis. Carne alba, odore debili. Sporis late ellipsoideis, sordide fuscis, 8-12 μm. Cystidiis long filiformibus, obtuse capitatis.

English translation: Solitary or in large groups. Pileus 3–4 cm broad, bluntly convex, expanding, often umbonate, dry, not shiny, not hygrophanous, white with yellowish tinges then greyish-brown, glabrous, young with abundant cortina (that remains on the stipe as an arachnoid annulus), continuous with stipe. Stipe very long, slightly broadened towards base, 3–5 mm wide, firm, elastic, solid, white, longitudinally fibrillose striate, turning brown when handled, granulose-flocculose at apex. Lamellae crowded, sordid, pale, then flesh-coloured to reddish brown, broad, adnate, with white, subtly crenulate edge. Context white, odour weak. Spores broadly ellipsoid, sordid greyish brown, 8–12 μm. Cystidia long, filiform, bluntly capitate.

Commentary: The ‘original diagnosis’ above is the translation into Latin from the original Czech by Pilat, Opera Bot. Čechica 6: 134 (1948). Unfortunately, we were not able to amplify DNA from the lectotype material. However, morphological studies of the lectotype reveal spores corresponding to either Hebeloma mesophaeum or H. subtortum. The description, and the habitat, indicate that H. mesophaeum is far more likely. Hence: = Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.

Types: UNITED STATES: California: Jasper Ridge, Stanford Univ. (approx. 37.4061°N, 122.2446°W, alt. approx. 130 m a.s.l.) on clayey soil under Quercus sp., 26 Mar. 1916, J.I.W. McMurphy (218), det: W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814859, HJB1000283; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039661, HJB1000336).

Diagnosis: Pileus thick, fleshy, irregular, convex to subexpanded, broadly umbonate, gregarious, 7-9 cm. broad; surface glabrous, grayish-white to cream-colored, smooth on the disk, striate and becoming cracked toward the margin, which is entire to undulate or lobed, concolorous, ornamented with the remains of a slight arachnoid veil; context rather thin, white; lamellae sinuate, very broad, subcrowded, white, becoming yellowish and finally yellowish-brown; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale-ferruginous, 10-12 X 6 μ; stipe equal or tapering upward, shining-white or grayish, solid, ornamented with coarse fibrils, often split or cracked, 5-10 cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. thick.

Commentary: The spores are cylindrical to elliptical, smooth, thick-walled (11–14 × 6–7.5 µm) sometimes with restrictions and the cheilocystidia are clavate. An ITS sequence was generated from the holotype, supporting the recombination into Pseudosperma. At this time, no ITS sequences is published that is likely to be conspecific with P. californicum. The most similar sequence was NR_172790 (MT095091, Cervini et al. 20 Feb 2020 unpublished, BLAST result in GenBank 94% similarity), the holotype of P. convivale. Given the differences in the ITS of P. californicum, P. convivale or any of the other type sequences in the same clade in [Fig. pps], it is unlikely that any of these are conspefic with P. californicum; species that are less similar in the ITS may be phylogenetically more closely related to P. californicum, such as P. flavorimosum. It appears, no sequence of P. californicum has been published before in one of the large sequence databases.

Types: UNITED STATES: Michigan: Washtenaw, Mud Lake, West of Whitmore Lake (approx. 42.4139°N, 83.7939°W, alt. approx. 270 m a.s.l.), 20 Oct. 1906, C.H. Kauffman (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. MICH 10723, HJB1000335).

Diagnosis: Form sphagnophilum: These plants grew on dense sphagnum. PILEUS 4-7 cm. broad. STEM 7-9 cm. by 5-8 mm. There are no cystidia on the sides of the gills; the sterile cells on the edge are slender, slightly thickened below, cylindrical above. The edge of the gills distills drops. The odor, when the plants are fresh, is similar to alcohol ethers. Otherwise as the type. See Plate XCVII of this Report. The most striking characteristic of this species and its varieties is their habit of distilling drops from the gills when fresh or moist. In this respect it imitates H. fastibile, but lacks the cortina and has more crowded gills. It is considered poisonous, and is said to be called “poison-pie" in England, no doubt because the color of the cap simulates a baked piecrust. In dry weather it is easily confused with other species, and the occurrence of the forms mentioned above shows that it needs further study. It does not seem to be as common here as in Europe.

Commentary: Based on morphological, molecular and habitat information this is: = Hebeloma incarnatulum A.H. Sm.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis calyptrosporum (Bruchet) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]

Original diagnosis: Hebeloma calyptrosporum. sp. nov. - Cortina nulla; pileo usque ad 46 mm lato, lucido-viscoso, medio brunneo, in margine e fIavo brunneo, dein albido; stipite 35-70 x 5-11 mm, albido, sub lamellis farinoso punctato, dein glabro ac imo fibrilloso-lanoso; lamellis siccis; odore vix nullo; sapore amarissimo. Sporis 9.5-11 x 5-6 μm, amygdaliformibus, verrucosis, ectospora eximie separata; pilis marginum 30-40 x 5-6,5 μm, parum manifestis, plerumque rectis, brevibus, subaequalibus et solum summis obtusis. In pratis, non in locis ambustis.

English translation: Cortina absent; pileus up to 46 mm broad, shiny-viscous, brown at centre, at margin yellow brown then whitish; stipe 35–70 × 5–11 mm, whitish, mealy-punctate between lamellae, then glabrous or indistinctly woolly-fibrillose; lamellae dry; odour very weak; taste very bitter. Spores 9.5–11 × 5–6 μm, amygdaloid, verrucose, strongly loosening; marginal hairs 30–40 × 5–6.5 μm, indistinct, usually straight, short, subequal with a blunt apex. In meadows, not in burnt places.

Commentary: Based on both morphological and molecular studies, this is: = Hebeloma birrus (Fr.) Gillet

Types: FRANCE: Rhone, near Echarmeaux (Rhone) (approx. 46.14°N, 4.45°E, alt. approx. 650 m a.s.l.) on grassy soil in meadow, 9 Oct. 1963, G. Bruchet (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. LY BR63-32, HJB1000043).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma calyptrosporum Bruchet (1970)

Commentary: See Hebeloma calyptrosporum Bruchet.

Original diagnosis: Hebeloma candidipes sp . nov. - Cortina in adultis praesente; pileo usque ad 40 mm lato, satis carnoso, parum viscoso, late discolore, medio brunneo, in margine pallidissimo, e cremeo carneove albo; stipite 50-70 x 4-5 mm, firmo, intus obscure brunneo, extra candido et solum terso fuscescente; odore grato, paulum cacao in mentem revocante; lamellis siccis, acie pilis inferne inflatis usque ad 11-12 μm vestita. Sporis 11-12 x 5,5-6 μm, amygdaliformibus aerugosis, in massa cacainis. Sub Piceis.

English translation: Cortina present in mature basidiomes. Pileus up to 40 mm broad, rather fleshy, slightly viscous, broadly discolouring, brown at centre, very pale cream-coloured to white in marginal zone; stipe 50–70 × 4–5 mm, firm, dark brown in inner part, at the outside whitish and turning brown only when bruised; odour unpleasant, weakly reminiscent of cocoa; lamellae dry, edge with hairs with broadened basal part, up to 11–12 μm. Spores 11–12 × 5.5–6 μm, amygdaloid and rugose; dark brown in mass. Under Picea.

Commentary: Morphological and molecular studies of the type confirm this as: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Basionym: Agaricus capniocephalus Bull. (1792)

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 527 (1792) tab. 547:2, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 578 (MBT201355)

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis capniocephalum (Bull.) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]; Derminus capniocephalus (Bull.) Henn. (1898)

Original diagnosis: In sylvis autumno habitat; terrestris, plerumque solitarius. Stipes crassus, basi ut plurimum attenuatus, plenus, nudus, glaber, saepe lineatus, subfuligineo-albidus aut pileo concolor, juxta lamellae 12 millim (4-6 lin.) latus, 4-6 centim. (18-24 lin) altus. Pileus primum suborbicularis, dein semiorbicularis, demum complanatus, saturate vel dilute fuligineus, aetate provecta, margine nigricans, fig. B, 4-7 centim. (20-30 lin.) latus. Caro tenius, firma, nivea, interdum dilute fulliginea. Lamellae basi aduncae, fig. D., liberae, crassisimae, latissimae, subfuligineae vel fuscae.

English translation: Growing in autumn in the forest on the ground, often solitary. Stipe thick, strongly attenuated at base, solid, naked, glabrous, marked by longitudinal lines, whitish brown or concolourous with pileus, at apex (near lamellae) 12 mm wide, 4–6 cm long. Pileus subglobose at first, then hemispherical, finally expanded, saturated or pale brown, with blackening margin when fully expanded, 4–7 cm broad. Context thin, white, sometimes diluted brown. Lamellae emarginate, free, very thick, very broad, dark brown.

Commentary: The original plate 547 of Agaricus capniocephalus shows a species with blackening pileus margin similar to that known in some Lyophyllum species, and a feature which is emphasized in the description. In the discussion it is compared with “L’Agaric nigrescent” (Russula nigrescens (Bull.) Fr., pl. 212) which should differ by blackening entirely. It is also compared with “L’Agaric molibdocéphale” (A. molybdocephalus Bull. pl. 523), apparently a synonym of Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer (Ludwig 2001). We believe that Agaricus capniocephalus is a Lyophyllum species, but unlike Ludwig we are not convinced that it necessarily represents L. tenebrosum Clémençon.

Basionym: Agaricus capniocephalus Bull. (1792)

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 146 (1792) tab. 547:2, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 578 (MBT201355)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma capniocephalus (Bull.) Gillet (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma capniocephalum (Bull.) Sacc.

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 570 (1792) tab. 547:2, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 578 (MBT201355)

Commentary: See Hebeloma capniocephalum (Bull.) Gillet

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 243 (1792) tab. 547:2, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 578 (MBT201355)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma capniocephalus (Bull.) Gillet (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma capniocephalum (Bull.) Sacc.

Basionym: Agaricus catervarius Lév. (1846)

Types: INDIA: Neilgherries, Madras (13.09°N, 80.27°E, alt. approx. 5 m a.s.l.) on fallen wood in tropical woodland, , Perrottet (Isotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)153649, HJB1000231).

Homotypic synonyms: Derminus catervarius (Lév.) Henn. (1898)

Original diagnosis: Agaricus catervarius, nov. sp. Cespitosus pileo carnoso convexo expanso nudo rubiginoso, lamellis latis confertis postice rotundatis sinuatis dente adnatis ferrugineis, velo fibrilloso fugaci, stipite elongato pleno nudo cylindrico striato pileo dilutiori. - Hab. ad runcos in montibus Nelli-Gherry; Perrottet (herb. Mus. Par. ).

English translation: Caespitose pileus fleshy convex expanded naked rusty red, lamellae broad crowded rounded sinuate adnate with a tooth rusty, veil fibrillose vanishing, stipe elongate solid naked cylindrical striate paler than the pileus. – Habitat on trunks in the mountains Nelli-Gherry; Perrottet (herb. Mus. Par.).

Commentary: A morphological analysis of the isotype from K supports the recombination into Pholiota.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma catervarium (Lév.) Sacc. (1887); Derminus catervarius (Lév.) Henn. (1898)

Types: INDIA: Neilgherries, Madras (13.09°N, 80.27°E, alt. approx. 5 m a.s.l.) on fallen wood in tropical woodland, , Perrottet (Isotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)153649, HJB1000231).

Commentary: See Hebeloma catervarium (Lév.) Sacc.

Basionym: Agaricus catervarius Lév. (1846)

Types: INDIA: Neilgherries, Madras (13.09°N, 80.27°E, alt. approx. 5 m a.s.l.) on fallen wood in tropical woodland, , Perrottet (Isotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)153649, HJB1000231).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma catervarium (Lév.) Sacc. (1887)

Commentary: See Hebeloma catervarium (Lév.) Sacc.

Types: FRANCE: Var, Nans-les-Pins (approx. 43.36°N, 5.78°E, alt. approx. 405 m a.s.l.) under Cistus sp., 7 Oct. 1960, H.S.C. Huijsman (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. L 960.110-524, HJB1000010).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma cavipes Huijsman (1961)

Commentary: See Hebeloma cavipes Huijsman.

Original diagnosis: Pileus + 3 cm latus, plano-convexus, saepe umbonatus, glabrescens, subviscidus, argillaceus vel ochraceus ad marginem, ad centrum luteobrunneus; gustus amarus, odor raphaninus. Lamellae latae, confertae, argillaceae. Stipes + 5 cm longus, circa 5 mm crassus, brunnescens, striatus. Velum ochraceum, fibrillosum evanescens. Sporae 7.5-9 x 4.5-5 µm, subleves, ellipsoideae vel ovoideae, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia 34-60 x 5-7 µm, filamentosa vel ad basin leviter ventricosa. Cuticula pileorum gelatinosa.

English translation: Pileus about 3 cm broad, plano-convex, often umbonate, becoming glabrous, subviscid, argillaceous or ochraceous on the margin, yellow-brown on the disc; taste bitter, smell raphanoid. Lamellae broad, crowded, argillaceous. Stipe about 5 cm long and 5 mm thick, discolouring brown, striate. Veil ochraceous, fibrillose, vanishing. Spores 7.5-9 x 4.5-5 μm, almost smooth, ellipsoid or ovoid, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 34-60 x 5-7 μm, filamentous or slightly ventricose at base. Pileus cuticle gelatinous.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis, this is: = Hebeloma alpinicola A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel.

English translation: Diag. Lacking an annulus, without veils, hardly remarkable, solitary or subcaespitose, more or less eccentric; pileus slightly fleshy always lacking an umbo, at first hemispherical then plano-convex, brown glabrous smooth, margin slightly acute entire; lamellae crowded, membranaceous not very broad at first yellow-green, later dark olivaceous, edge absolutely smooth concolorous, attenuate at both ends, below adnexed; stipe terete to almost conical, incurved-ascending short by comparison, stuffed to fistulose, same colour as pileus, not or slightly enlarged at base almost insititious; context white slightly firm unchangeable; basidia normal; cystidia none; spores small ellipsoid, hardly densely and finely covered with small papillae, pale olivaceous. Smell fetid; taste tending to bitter.

Commentary: We have thus far been unable to access type material. Based on the diagnosis, particularly the colour of the lamellae described as yellow-green becoming olivaceous, this is very unlikely to be a Hebeloma, perhaps more likely to be a Hypholoma.

Types: JAMAICA: trail at Cinchona (approx. 18.0707°N, 76.6557°W, alt. approx. 1500 m a.s.l.) on soil in montane, tropical woodland pathside, 25 Dec. 1908, E.L. Murrill, W.A. Murrill (568) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814877, HJB1000289; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039678, HJB1000339).

Diagnosis: Pileus convex to expanded, umbonate, gregarious, 3-6 cm. broad, 1-2 cm. thick; surface pale-isabelline, rarely milky-white with a stramineous tinge, viscid, smooth, margin white, thin, straight, slightly cottony; context white, without characteristic taste; lamellae white, sinuate-adnexed, ventricose, broad; spores pip-shaped, smooth, with a single large, clear nucleus, pale-melleous under the microscope, 8 X 4μ; stipe fleshy with a thin rind, enlarged below, abruptly bulbous at the base, glabrous, white or pale-yellowish, 3-6 cm. long, 7-10 mm. thick; veil slight, fibrillose, evanescent.

Commentary: The spores are smooth, ellipsoid to occasionally reniform, without germ pore (7–9 × 4–5 µm) and both the cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are similar: colorless, thick-walled, and with apical crystals. The morphology supports the recombination into Inocybe. Murrill’s own notes are annotated with “Inocybe?”. We were not successful generating any DNA sequence data.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-3.5 cm latus, demum late convexus vel planus, subviscidus, ad marginem tenuiter fibrillosus, demum glaber, sordide vinaceobrunneus ("Warm Sepia") vel obscure vinaceobrunneus; odor et gustus mitis. Lamellae latae, confertae, obscure cinnamomeae. Stipes 2-4 cm longus, 3-6 mm crassus, griseofibrillosus, sursum sericeus, deorsum brunnescens. Sporae 11-14 x 5.5-7 μm, tarde subdextrinoideae, subfusiformes. Cheilocystidia 34-65 x 7-12 x 4-6 μm, fusoid-ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 2-3.5 cm broad, later broadly convex or applanate, subviscid, slightly fibrillose on the margin, finally glabrous, of a dingy vinaceous-brown (“Warm Sepia”) or dull vinaceous-brown; smell and taste mild. Lamellae broad, crowded, dull cinnamon. Stipe 2-4 cm long, 3-6 mm thick, with greyish fibrils, at the apex silky, becoming brown downwards. Spores 11-14 x 5.5-7 μm, slowly weakly dextrinoid, subfusiform. Cheilocystidia 34-65 x 7-12 x 4-6 μm, fusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: Unfortunately no DNA sequence data was obtained. However, based on morphological analysis and habitat, this is: = Hebeloma praeolidum A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel.

The lectotype was collected in 1919 so is almost certainly part of the original material.

Original diagnosis: Parvum, habitu Inocybas parvas in mentem revocans. Pileus 2-3 cm diam., tenuiter carnoso, explanato, obtuse umbonato, levi, udo subviscido, ahygrophano, plumbeo-griseo, vertice nigro-fusco. Stipe longo, recto, ca 3 mm crasso, basi non incrassato, rigido, albo-fibilloso, apice a velo debiliter furfuraceo-anulato, supra hoc albo-fibrilloso, apex de velo debiliter furfuraceo-anulato, supra hoc albo-granuloso, iuventute cortina sat debili cum pileo coniuncto, basi pallide subfusco. Lamellis confertis, decumbentibus, griseo-argillaceis, postice rotundato-liberis, acie albis. Spores ellipsoideis, basi oblique contractis, subhyalinis, 8-10 μ. Cystidiis acie numerosis, obtuse cylindraceis. Sine aromate. In valle Sarka Pragae octobri 1919 domina Fric legit. Solitarium. Pileo non hygrophano et conspecte colorate species insignis.

English translation: Small, reminiscent of a small species of Inocybe. Pileus 2–3 cm broad, thinfleshed, expanded, bluntly umbonate, smooth, subviscid when moist, not hygrophanous, leadgrey, blackish brown at centre. Stipe long, straight, about 3 mm thick, not broadened at base, rigid, white fibrous, with veil remnants in form of a floccose annuliform zone, white granulose at apex, when young with poorly developed cortina connected to pileus, pale brown at base. Lamellae crowded, decumbent, greyish clay-coloured, rounded-free, with white edge. Spores ellipsoid with blunt base, subhyaline, 8–10 μm. Cystidia along edge abundant, bluntly cylindrical. Odour absent. In the Sarka valley near Prague, October 1919 found by Mrs. Fric. Solitary. Distinct species with conspicuous colours, not hygrophanous.

Commentary: The ‘original diagnosis’ above is the translation into Latin from the original Czech by Pilat, Opera Bot. Čechica 6: 137 (1948). Judging from studies of the protologue and the lectotype, H. cinereum is: = Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.

Types: Quélet, Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç Avancem Sci 16 (2): 587 (1888) ["1887"] pl XXl 6, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 439 (MBT203426)

FRANCE: Doubs, Les Verrieres (46.6316°N, 6.1639°E, alt. approx. 1245 m a.s.l.) on calcareous, herbaceous soil in mixed, subalpine woodland under Picea sp., 27 Aug. 2007, G. Moyne (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR 5020184117610, HJB12063). Epitype designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 439 (MBT203427).

Commentary: See Hebeloma circinans (Quél.) Sacc.

Basionym: Hylophila circinans Quél. (1888) [“1887”].

Types: Quélet, Compt. Rend. Assoc. Franç Avancem Sci 16 (2): 146 (1888) ["1887"] pl XXl 5, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 438 (MBT203425)

FRANCE: Doubs, Les Verrieres (46.6316°N, 6.1639°E, alt. approx. 1245 m a.s.l.) on calcareous, herbaceous soil in mixed, subalpine woodland under Picea sp., 27 Aug. 2007, G. Moyne (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR 5020184117610, HJB12063). Epitype designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 438 (MBT203426).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma circinans (Quél.) Sacc. (1891)

Commentary: See Hebeloma circinans (Quél.) Sacc.

The lectotype designated by Grilli supersedes the neotype designated by M. Heykoop & F. Esteve-Raventós, Mycotaxon 61: 212 (1997)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma cistophilum Maire (1928)

Commentary: See Hebeloma cistophilum Maire.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 251 (1789) pl. 199a-e, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea 24 (2): (2010) ["2009"] page 153

The lectotype is described from Germany.

Homotypic synonyms: Agaricus clavus Batsch (1789); Hebelomatis claviceps (Fr.) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]; Hylophila claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1886); Inocybe claviceps (Fr.) P. Karst. (1879)

Original diagnosis: (Fries) In silvis frondosis passim. Ab A. firmo P. cui hactenus subjunctus, omnino diversus statura omnium partium minore, stipites deorsum fusco, lamellis pallidis, maxime vero conspicue pileo e convexo expanso discoideo, neutiquam e conico campanulato, laxo A. firmi. Persoonii icon A. firmi ceterum haud bona nec meum longe robustiorum, (A. mitratus Holm.) pileo pallidiore bene refert. (Batsch): Stipite elongato, ochraceo-carneo, floccoso-furfuraceo, pileo conico-pulvinato, farto, carneo-lateritio, subunctuoso, lamellis angustis, stipiti concoloribus, pileo propriis. Fungi proportio singularis, similis illi in A. peltigero CXC. et affinibus. Pileus fere totus ex umbone constans, angusto tantum et obtuso margine, et quidam explanatiore cinctus, conico-obtusus, non deflexus, sed totus fartus, plano horizontali, vel excavato, quo stipite affigitur, laminas adnectens, solum in extimo margine paullo citius decrescens et incurvus. Superficies subcartilaginea, siccior in junioribus, unctuosa in adultis. Color saturatus ochraceo-carneus, in lateritium vergens, maculae sicciores in margine albescunt. Stipes opacus, nitoris expers, ochraceo-carneus, sed albentior, in superficie, prasertim inferne, floccoso-squamosus, fere semper varie flexus, et varia erga pileum proprtione instructus. Laminae angustae oblongae, pone obtusatae, vel sensim decrescentes, inaequaliter formatae, stipiti concolores, triplici ordine digestae. Majores eorum 50. Substantia nivea, in pileo farta, in stipite fibrosa, et in ejus bulbo radicali fuscescens. Legi tria huc depicta specimina in pineto ante sylvulam Forst, die 10 Octobris 1788.

English translation: (Fries) Widely [found] in leafy forests. From A. firmus P., in which it was until now included, it is entirely different, in its size being smaller in all parts, by the stipe dark brown below, by the pale lamellae, by the pileus indeed very much conspicuously expanding from convex o discoid, absolutely not from conical to campanulate, loosely like A. firmus. Persoon’s illustration of A. firmus otherwise is not good at all as this is much more robust, it compares well (A. mitratus Mus. Holm.) with a paler pileus. (Batsch) A fungus with an elongate, ochraceous to flesh-coloured, furfuraceous to floccose stipe, a fleshy, conically pulvinate, somewhat greasy, flesh-coloured to brick red pileus and narrow lamellae which are concolourous with the stipe and only attached to the pileus. The proportion of the fungus is particular and similar to the small-pileate red fleshy fungus 190. and its relatives. The pileus is almost exclusively composed of a raised part {umbo} surrounded by a narrow, obtuse and somewhat lower margin. The pileus is completely robust and fleshy, obtuse to conical and fixed to the stipe with a rectilinear or somewhat concave lower surface to which the lamellae are attached. This thickness only decreases abruptly near its extreme, involute, margin. The surface is somewhat cartilaginous, dry in the younger fungi, greasy in the older ones. The colour is saturated ochraceous to flesh-coloured with a tendency to brick red, the drier spots near the margin tend to whitish. The stipe is opaque and not shining, ochraceous to flesh coloured, but somewhat whitish, covered with floccose scales on the surface, especially in the lower part, almost always variously curved, and has an unequal proportion with respect to the pileus. The lamellae are narrow and oblong, obtuse at the inner end, or gradually tapering; their shapes are unequal, they have the same colour as the stipe and have three different lengths. There are roughly 50 of the larger lamellae. The substance is snow-white, robust and fleshy in the pileus, fibrillose in the stipe and brownish in the stipital bulb which is the root. I found the three examples depicted here on the 10 Oct. 1788 in the pine grove in front of the Forst forest.

Commentary: Judging from the original description and plate of Batsch’s Agaricus clavus, this may be a Hebeloma, where it shares the rooting stipe and the presence of a cortina with the species known as Hebeloma pumilum. However, the interpretation is uncertain and Agaricus clavus may be a member of Hebeloma sect. Hebeloma, as many authors have suggested, or may indeed represent a species from another genus.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1872); Hebelomatis claviceps (Fr.) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]; Hylophila claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1886); Inocybe claviceps (Fr.) P. Karst. (1879)

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 346 (1789) pl. 199a-e, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea 24 (2): (2010) ["2009"] page 153

The lectotype is described from Germany.

Homotypic synonyms: Agaricus clavus Batsch (1789)

Commentary: See Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél.

Basionym: Agaricus claviceps Fr. (1863)

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 146 (1789) pl. 199a-e, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea 24 (2): (2010) ["2009"] page 153

The lectotype is described from Germany.

Homotypic synonyms: Hylophila claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1886)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1872); Agaricus clavus Batsch (1789); Hylophila claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1886)

Commentary: See Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 99 (1789) pl. 199a-e, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea 24 (2): (2010) ["2009"] page 153

The lectotype is described from Germany.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis claviceps (Fr.) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1872); Agaricus clavus Batsch (1789); Hebelomatis claviceps (Fr.) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]

Commentary: See Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 459 (1789) pl. 199a-e, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea 24 (2): (2010) ["2009"] page 153

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1872)

Commentary: See Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél.

The lectotype is one of apparently two collections mentioned in the protologue and hence satisfies the requirement with regard to original material.

Original diagnosis: Stiel unten schwärzlich; Sporen ähnlich.

English translation: Stipe blackish below; spores similar.

Commentary: A microscopical examination of the lectotype shows that this is: = Hebeloma dunense L. Corb. & R. Heim.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma clavuligerum (Romagn.) P. Collin [as "clavuligera"] (1988); Naucoria clavuligera (Romagn.) Kühner & Romagn. (1953)

Types: France, on fallen branch of Salix or Alnus glutinosa, 10 Sep. 1941 (Holotype PC).

Commentary: See Hebeloma clavuligerum (Romagn.) P. Collin.

Basionym: Alnicola clavuligera Romagn. (1944) [“1942”]

Types: France, on fallen branch of Salix or Alnus glutinosa, 10 Sep. 1941 (Holotype PC).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma clavuligerum (Romagn.) P. Collin [as "clavuligera"] (1988)

Commentary: See Hebeloma clavuligerum (Romagn.) P. Collin.

Basionym: Alnicola clavuligera Romagn. (1944) [“1942”]

Types: France, on fallen branch of Salix or Alnus glutinosa, 10 Sep. 1941 (Holotype PC).

Homotypic synonyms: Naucoria clavuligera (Romagn.) Kühner & Romagn. (1953)

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo vel plano, obtuse mammoso, viscidulo, non hygrophano, pallido, avellaneo, tenuiter in medio rufido, 7-10 mm. Stipite 22-30 x 0,7-1 mm, albido, alutaceo vel avellaneo, fibrilloso, deorsum fuscescente. Lamellis non stipatis, adnatis, vel etiam uncinatis, subventricosis, obtusis pallide alutaceis vel avellaneis, deinde ex avellaneo pullis. Sporis amygdaliformibus verrucosis, 10-14 x 6-7,2 μm. Basidiis tetraporis. Pilis marginum et pilei capitullatis, hyphis fibulatis. Sub Alnis.

English translation: Pileus convex to plane, bluntly umbonate, slightly viscid, not hygrophanous, pale, hazel-coloured, tinged reddish at centre, 7–10 mm. Stipe 22–30 × 0.7–1 mm, whitish, yellowish or pale brown (hazel), fibrillose, becoming brown in lower part. Lamellae not crowded, adnate or uncinate, subventricose, blunt, pale yellowish brown to hazel, then dark brown. Spores amygdaloid, verrucose, 10–14 × 6–7.2 μm. Basidia four-spored. Marginal hairs and those on stipe capitate; hyphae clamped. Under Alnus.

Commentary: Moreau (2005), based on type studies, concluded that this is a member of the genus Galerina.

Original diagnosis: Pileo 1,5‒3,5 cm, primum convexo, dein expanso mammoso, margine involuta, media obscure castanea, circum multo pallidiore ac sericeo, viscidulo. Stipite 4‒4,5 cm x 3,5‒4 mm, sursum aequali, deorsum bulbo immarginato ad 7 mm lata praedito, pallido, deinde fuscescente, sericeo, superne flocculoso; cortina supera, levi. Carne crassa, odore raporum, sapore amaro. Lamelles haud stipatissimis, tenuibus, inaequalibus, sinuato-adnatis, segmentiformibus, deinde ventricosis, pallide ex incarnatis rufulis, deinde brunneolis, acie pallidiore ac fimbriata. Spores amygdaliformibus, fere citriiformibus, 10‒13,5 x 6‒7,5 μm, tunicis crassis, subtilissime punctatis. Pilis acierum lageniformibus, 34‒56 x 7‒11 μm. Subcute crasso, pseudoparenchymatica specie; pigmento incrustante tunicas hypharum multarum; hyphis fibulatis. - Sub Sorbo aucuparia et Fago silvatica, in montibus Tatra, Tchecoslovacia. Typus in herbario Romagnesiano, Mus. Nat. d’Hist. nat. Paris, no. 60.221.

English translation: Pileus 1.5–3.5 cm, convex at first, then expanding with umbo, with involute margin, at centre dark chestnut brown, towards margin much paler and shiny, slightly viscid. Stipe 4–4.5 cm × 3.5–4 mm, upper part equal, base with marginate bulb up to 7 mm broad, pallid then reddish brown, shiny, flocculose in upper part; cortina at apex, smooth. Context thick. Smell raphanoid. Taste bitter. Lamellae not very crowded, thin, unequal, sinuate-adnate, segmentiform then ventricose, pale then incarnate becoming reddish brown with fimbriate, paler edge. Spores amygdaloid, almost citriform, 10–13.5 × 6.0–7.5 μm, thick-walled, subtly punctate. Marginal hairs lageniform, 34–56 × 7–11 μm. Subcutis thick, pseudoparenchymatic. Pigment incrusting in many hyphae; clamps present. With Sorbus aucuparia and Fagus sylvatica, in Tatra Mountains in Czechoslovakia, 9 Sep. 1960. Type in Herb. Romagnesi 60.221.

Commentary: With the persistent presence of a cortina and the lageniform or ventricose cheilocystidia, this taxon clearly belongs in H. sect. Hebeloma. Within this section, it can be differentiated on the basis of the amygdaloid and limoniform spores distinctly to rather strongly dextrinoid, the number of lamellae always at least 40 and the boreal, rather than arctic or alpine, habitat. The most similar taxa are H. monticola, H. oreophilum and H. sordescens. Hebeloma oreophilum does consistently have longer spores and only occurs in arctic or alpine habitats. Hebeloma monticola and H. sordescens can occur in similar habitats to H. clavulipes, but both of these taxa usually have more full length lamellae (L at least 45 and usually greater than 50) and H. sordescens also has a larger ave. cheilocystidium apex width (A > 5 μm) and the exsiccata nearly always discolours to dark brown or black on drying. We noted above that we have two English collections that do differ, at least microscopically, from the rest of our database collections. While this may turn out to represent a different taxon, at this point we do not have sufficient molecular or morphological evidence to make this separation. It appears that this taxon has a number of synonyms that include Bruchet’s two species: Hebeloma remyi (invalidly published) and H. candidipes. With regard to these two Bruchet species, his primary differentiation was on the basis of the pileus colour (H. remyi being less distinctly two-coloured), the stipe of H. remyi discolouring more strongly, and H. remyi having larger less ornamented spores. Having made several collections from the type locality of H. candidipes and examined all four collections of H. remyi cited by Bruchet, we find that this combination of characters is not consistent. For instance, two of the H. remyi collections do have rather large spores but the other two have somewhat smaller spores. At this point we do not have sufficient molecular or morphological evidence to make any separation. Bruchet believed H. mesophaeum var. macrosporum Remy to be the same species as his H. remyi and indeed erected his species to raise Remy’s taxon to species level as the name H. macrosporum Velen. already existed (H. macrosporum is synonymous with H. crustuliniforme). Although there is no original material existing of H. mesophaeum var. macrosporum (indeed the name was invalid because no type was selected) we think that it is highly likely that this was the species Remy intended. Noting that Bruchet’s species was also invalid, Quadraccia (1988) selected a type from Italy for H. remyi to validate the name (Hebeloma remyi Bruchet ex Quadr.), but unfortunately he selected material of H. dunense, so Quadraccia’s species has been synonymized with that taxon. Vesterholt (2005) comments that he believes H. monticola is synonymous with Bruchet’s H. remyi. He says: “The species described here [H. monticola] agrees with H. remyi of Bruchet, but the identity of Remy’s taxon is more uncertain. Both H. mesophaeum var. macrosporum Remy and H. remyi Bruchet were invalidly published because no type was selected.” However, as explained above, while the two taxa are very similar, we believe there is sufficient molecular and morphological evidence that H. clavulipes and H. monticola are distinct. Intriguingly, Poumarat & Corriol (2009) also proposed a taxon that they believed represented Bruchet’s H. remyi; this is also a distinct species, H. hygrophilum.

Types: FRANCE: Oise, Foret d'Ourscamp (approx. 49.5369°N, 2.9313°E, alt. approx. 75 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil, 8 Oct. 1993, G. Tassi, det: M. Bon (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. LIP 83199, LIP 93199?, HJB13499).

This should be considered as authentic material rather than as a holotype given that this taxon was invalidly published..

Original diagnosis: Chapeau 3-5 cm, convexe, a revetement glabre, hygrophane ou peu visqueux, brun-roux avec la marge palie par un voile blanchatre puis se decolorant ensuite en cocarde, un peu a la maniere de Kuehneromyces mutabilis. Lames banales de type hebelome, non pleurantes. Stipe 5-6 x 0,3-0,6 cm, jusqu'a 0,8(1) cm vers 1a base qui est subbulbeuse; entieroment blanchatre a subconcolore au chapeau ou un peu plus brunissant vers la base, a cortine faible ou fugace, douteuse sur les vieux exemplaires. Chair pale a odeur et saveur faibles, subraphanoides. Spores 10-12(13) x 5,5-6(7) μm, amygdaliformas +/- ventrues ou a sommet etire; ornementation finement. verruqueuse, peu contrastee, non dextrinoides. Cheilocystides (poils d'arete) 40-50 x 8-10 x 5-7 μm, lageniformes a base +/- brusquement dilatee ou subfusiforme. Epicutis a hyphes hanales, peu congophobes, celles du subcutis progressivement epaissies vers la texture pseudoparenchymateuse de l'hypoderme. Pigment +/- incrustant sur les hyphes profondos.

Commentary: Authentic material has been studied and sequenced and: = Hebeloma erebium (Huijsman) Beker & U. Eberh.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 41 (1789) pl. 199a-e, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea 24 (2): (2010) ["2009"] page 153

The lectotype is described from Germany.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis claviceps (Fr.) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]; Hylophila claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1886)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél. (1872); Agaricus claviceps Fr. (1863)

Commentary: See Hebeloma claviceps (Fr.) Quél.

Types: AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Sandringham (approx. 37.9496°S, 145.0037°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil, 14 Jul. 1888, H.T. Tisdall (no.1) (Syntype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139714, HJB1000232).

AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Sandringham (approx. 37.9496°S, 145.0037°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil, 14 Jul. 1888, H.T. Tisdall (No 2) (Syntype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139713, HJB1000441).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma coarctatum (Cooke & Massee) Pegler (1965)

Commentary: See Hebeloma coarctatum (Cooke & Massee) Pegler.

Types: AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Sandringham (approx. 37.9496°S, 145.0037°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil, 14 Jul. 1888, H.T. Tisdall (no.1) (Syntype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139714, HJB1000232).

AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Sandringham (approx. 37.9496°S, 145.0037°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil, 14 Jul. 1888, H.T. Tisdall (No 2) (Syntype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139713, HJB1000441).

Homotypic synonyms: Tricholoma coarctatum (Cooke & Massee) Sacc. (1891)

Original diagnosis: Caespitosus, cosretatus, difformis. Pileo carnoso, convexo-plano, obtuso, viscido, alutacco (1-3 unc. diam.), siccitate rimoso, margine laevi, stipite solido (1.5 unc. long, 1/3-1/2 unc. crass.), bulboso-radicato; lamellis subconfertis, latis, sinuato-adnexis, ventricusis, albis, rubrotinetis. Sporis ellipticis, 6 x 8 μ.

English translation: Caespitose, compressed, misshapen. Pileus fleshy, convex to applanate, obtuse, viscid, alutaceous (tan colour) (about 25-75 mm in diameter), rimose in dry weather, margin smooth, stipe firm (about 37 mm long, 8-12 mm thick, bulbous-rooting; lamellae almost crowded, broad, sinuate to adnexed, ventricose, white, tinged reddish. Spores elliptic, 6 x 8 μ.

Commentary: Unfortunately we were unable to generate any DNA sequencedata from either of the syntypes. Based on morphological analysis, this is: = Hebeloma aminophilum R.N. Hilton & O.K. Mill.

Types: AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Sandringham (approx. 37.9496°S, 145.0037°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil, 14 Jul. 1888, H.T. Tisdall (no.1) (Syntype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139714, HJB1000232).

AUSTRALIA: Victoria: Sandringham (approx. 37.9496°S, 145.0037°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil, 14 Jul. 1888, H.T. Tisdall (No 2) (Syntype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139713, HJB1000441).

Commentary: See Hebeloma coarctatum (Cooke & Massee) Pegler.

The material now in the herbarium packet of the holotype is H. eburneum, which does not match the protologue and diagnosis. It appears that the original material of the holotype has been lost and therefore one of the paratypes, collected from the same location as the holotype, on the following day, was designated as lectotype.

Original diagnosis: Hebeloma collariatum sp. nov. - Cortina in superficiei stipitis adulti praesente, sub specie collarii aequalis, constantis, ac tenuissimi; pileo 20-30 mm lato, convexo vel e plano convexo, non vel parum viscoso, concolore ac brunneolo; stipite 50-70 x 3-4 mm, gracilis, et subtiliter aereo; lamellis siccis; odore nullo; pilis marginum inferne ad 6-9 μm inflatis. Sporis 11-13 x 6-6,5 μm, ovatis ac obtusis, rugosis. Praeter rivulos, sub salicibus.

English translation: Cortina present on the surface of the stipe in mature specimens, constant but very thin; pileus 20–30 mm broad, convex to plano-convex, not or weakly viscid, concolourous and brown; stipe 50–70 × 3–4 mm, slender, and delicately bronze-coloured; lamellae dry; odour absent; marginal hairs inflated, 6–9 μm wide in lower part. Spores 11–13 × 6–6.5 μm, vate and blunt, rugose. Along rivulet under Salix.

Commentary: The lectotype has been morphologically and molecularly studied and is: = Hebeloma dunense L. Corb. & R. Heim.

Types: FRANCE: Foret de Hez,Le Val Hemont, nr Hermes(Oise) (approx. 47.74°N, 2.54°W, alt. approx. 55 m a.s.l.) on calcareous, mossy soil in mixed woodland under Betula verrucosa, Pinus sylvestris and Salix sp., 1 May 1970, H. Romagnesi (R70-34) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. PC 0022088, HJB1000032).

Commentary: See Hebeloma aprile Romagn.

Types: HUNGARY: Between Orkeny and Tatarszentgyorgy (approx. 47.1°N, 19.38°E, alt. approx. 120 m a.s.l.) on bare, sandy soil under Populus sp., 11 Nov. 1976, M. Babos, A. Friesz, det: G. Bohus (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. BP 96.935, HJB1000053).

Commentary: See Hebeloma psammicola Bohus.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis colossus (Huijsman) Locq. [ as "colossum"] (1979) ["1977"]

Original diagnosis: Pileus 60-125 mm., hemisphericus, convexus, vix viscosus, subtiliter innate reticulato-fibrilloso, sordide isabellinus. Velum abest. Lamellae plorantes. Stipes obesus, compactus albus, praecipue media parte squamis recurvatis albis vel albidis ornatus, bulbo submarginato sordidulo. Caro pilei opima, alba, stipitis compacta, alba vel sordidula; odor saporeque subraphanoidei. Sporae amygdaliformes 10,8-12,4 x 6,4-7,0 μm., verruculosae, apice haud papillato, obtuso. Cheilocystidia numerosa 45-72 x 7.0-11 x 3.0-5.0 μm., subcylindrica, apice subclavato. Gregarius in silva frondosa.

English translation: Pileus 60–125 mm, hemispherical, convex, hardly viscous, subtly innate reticulate-fibrillose, sordid Isabella coloured. Veil absent. Lamellae weeping. Stipe thickset, compact, white, provided, particularly in the middle, with recurved white or whitish scales, with sordid, emarginate bulb. Context in pileus thick, white; in stipe compact, white or sordid; odour and taste subraphanoid. Spores amygdaloid,10.8–12.4 × 6.4–7.0 μm, verruculose, with blunt, not papillate apex. Cheilocystidia numerous, 45–72 × 7.0–11 × 3.0–5.0 μm, subcylindrical with subclavate apex. In groups in deciduous forest.

Commentary: Based on morphological studies, as unfortunately we were unsuccessful in amplifying DNA and generating a sequence, this is: = Hebeloma bulbiferum Maire.

Types: FRANCE: Ste Baume (approx. 44.03°N, 4.68°E, alt. approx. 155 m a.s.l.) in deciduous woodland, 8 Oct. 1960, H.S.C. Huijsman (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. L 960.110-171, L 0054086, HJB1000012).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma colossus Huijsman (1961)

Commentary: See Hebeloma colossus Huijsman.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: sand hills, West Albany (approx. 43.0975°N, 73.9738°W, alt. approx. 390 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in sandhill, Oct. 1874, V. Colvin, det: C.H. Peck (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-000813.1, HJB1000269). Lectotype designated by Eberhardt et al., Mycologia 114 (2): (2022) page 351 (MBT10000877).

The holotype is a mixed collection: one part (NYS-F-000813.2) has whitish small, pip-shaped spores and does not match the protologue; the other part (NYS-F-000813.1) is here designated as lectotype. It has large, yellowish brown, elliptical spores and matches closely the description given in the protologue. Llectotype designated was NYS-F-000813.1 [p.p.]. GenBank: ITS = MN017797.

Commentary: See Hebeloma colvinii (Peck) Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: sand hills, West Albany (approx. 43.0975°N, 73.9738°W, alt. approx. 390 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in sandhill, Oct. 1874, V. Colvin, det: C.H. Peck (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-000813.1, HJB1000269). Lectotype designated by Eberhardt et al., Mycologia 114 (2): (2022) page 351 (MBT10000877).

The holotype is a mixed collection: one part (NYS-F-000813.2) has whitish small, pip-shaped spores and does not match the protologue; the other part (NYS-F-000813.1) is here designated as lectotype. It has large, yellowish brown, elliptical spores and matches closely the description given in the protologue. Llectotype designated was NYS-F-000813.1 [p.p.]. GenBank: ITS = MN017797.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma colvinii (Peck) Sacc. [as "colvini"] (1887)

Commentary: See Hebeloma colvinii (Peck) Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Rouses Point (approx. 44.99°N, 73.36°W, alt. approx. 35 m a.s.l.) on gravelly soil under Populus monilifera, Sep. 1895, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-003339, HJB1000092).

Commentary: See Hebeloma velatum (Peck) Peck.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Albany County, Karner (=Center) and Catskill Mountains (approx. 42.0093°N, 74.3821°W, alt. approx. 1000 m a.s.l.) in woodland clearing, Oct. 1869, C.H. Peck (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-f-000823, HJB1000543). Lectotype designated by Eberhardt et al., Mycologia 114 (2): (2022) page 378 (MBT10000859).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, broadly convex or expanded, whitish or gray, tinged with red, the disk deeper colored; lamellae rather broad, not crowded, emarginate and spuriously decurrent-toothed, whitish then ochraceous-cinnamon; stipe equal, solid or stuffed, not bulbous, white-mealy at the top, fibrillose below, dingy white. Height 2'-4' [50.8-101.6 mm], breadth of pileus 2'-3' [50.8-76.2 mm], stipe 3''-5'' thick [7.6-12.7 mm]. Woods and open places. Common. Center, Catskill Mountains, etc. September and October.

Commentary: Cortinarius communis (FIG. 23C), was described by Peck in his report entitled “Report of the Botanist (1869)” (Peck 1873a), although it was already published in 1872 (Petersen 1980). Murrill (1917) recombined the species as Hebeloma commune. The material at the New York State Museum is in several parts. In particular, there are two collections at NYS annotated as syntypes: NYS-F-000822 and NYS-F-000823. NYS-F-000822 is annotated as collected in October 1871 with no precise indication of locality other than “Albany, Center”. However, according to the curator at the New York State Museum (private communication) the date is not in Peck’s handwriting and may have been added at a later time. NYS-F-000823 has only Oct. as time of collection and location as Albany, Karner and Catskill Mountains. The exsiccata in the packet labelled NYS-F-000822 represents a relatively small and slender mushroom which is conspecific with Hebeloma excedens, both morphologically and molecularly (Database Record HJB 1000542. GenBank: ITS = MZ019437). We suspect that this may be the material that persuaded Murrill to recombine this species into Hebeloma, as, interestingly, his description in Murrill (1917) gives the collecting location simply as “Center, New York”. NYS-F-000823 is (judging from the exsiccata) a far more robust species and both morphologically and molecularly has been determined as a Pholiota, with spores on average 6.7 × 4.3 μm, without a germ pore and thepresence of both cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia, lageniform to utriform. In order to decide which of these two collections should be designated as lectotype, it is necessary to consider the original protologue, reproduced above. The diagnosis indicates relatively large and robust basidiomes with a stipe width up to almost 11 mm, which far exceeds the usual size recorded for H. excedens, and would fit more comfortably with collection NYS-F-000823. Further, the curator at the New York State Museum writes (private communication): “A strong case for why NYSf823 could be the lectotype would be the Peck illustration that was originally in the box of NYSf823. On the illustration is written “n sp” which was his indication for a new species”. It must therefore be concluded that NYS-F-000823 better matches the protologue and, thus, is designated as lectotype here. The description of C. communis by Peck and the observations made here fit well, e.g. with P. lenta descriptions of Smith and Hesler (1968) and Holec (2001). Pholiota lenta is considered to occur on at least two continents, America and Europe. According to Smith and Hesler (1968), another of Peck’s species, Flammula betulina (Peck 1907) is also synonymous with P. lenta. Sequence information generated from the lectotype suggests that C. communis or H. commune is conspecific with P. lenta as defined by modern authors (Holec et al. 2014; Tian and Matheny 2021).

Is basionym of: Hebeloma commune (Peck) Murrill (1917)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Albany County, Karner (=Center) and Catskill Mountains (approx. 42.0093°N, 74.3821°W, alt. approx. 1000 m a.s.l.) in woodland clearing, Oct. 1869, C.H. Peck (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-f-000823, HJB1000543). Lectotype designated by Eberhardt et al., Mycologia 114 (2): (2022) page 378 (MBT10000859).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, broadly convex or expanded, whitish or gray, tinged with red, the disk deeper colored; lamellae rather broad, not crowded, emarginate and spuriously decurrent-toothed, whitish then ochraceous-cinnamon; stipe equal, solid or stuffed, not bulbous, white-mealy at the top, fibrillose below, dingy white. Height 2'-4' [50.8-101.6 mm], breadth of pileus 2'-3' [50.8-76.2 mm], stipe 3''-5'' thick [6.4-10.6 mm]. Woods and open places. Common. Center, Catskill Mountains, etc. September and October.

Commentary: See Hebeloma commune (Peck) Murrill.

Original diagnosis: Pileus + 3 cm latus, plano-umbonatus, subviscidus, glaber, "Warm Sepia" vel "Verona Brown" (obscure rufobrunneus), pallescens, saepe brunneomaculatus. Contextus pallide brunneus, odor pungens, gustus mitis. Lamellae subdistantes, latae, ventricosae. Stipes + 4 cm longus, 4 mm crassus, albofurfuraceus, deorsum sericeus et immutabiles. Velum fibrillosum, pallidum. Sporae 10-14 x 6-7 (8) μm, limoniformes, verruculosae. Cheilocystidia elongate clavata, subapicem 6-8 μm lata. Cuticula pileorum gelatinosa; pileocystidia praesentibus, cheilocydiis similibus.

English translation: Pileus about 3 cm broad, applanate-umbonate, subviscid, glabrous, “Warm Sepia” or “Verona Brown” (dull reddish-brown), becoming pale, often with brown spots. Context pale brown, smell pungent, taste mild. Lamellae subdistant, broad, ventricose. Stipe about 4 cm long, 4 mm thick, white, flocculose, downwards silky and not discolouring downwards. Veil fibrillose, pale. Spores 10-14 x 6-7 (8) μm, citriform, roughened. Cheilocystidia elongate clavate, 6-8 μm broad near the apex. Pileus cuticle gelatinous; pileocystidia present, similar to cheilocystidia.

Commentary: Unfortunately no molecular sequence was generated. Based on a morphological study of the holotype this is: = Hebeloma eburneum Malençon.

Original diagnosis: Pileo expanso, carnoso-lento, glabro, fulvo-isabellino, firmo, sicco 6 cm. diam., in sicco versus marginem rugoso-plicato; stipite resistente, cartilagineo, angusto, striato, griseo-consperso, versus substratum albo-lanoso, 6 mm. crasso; lamellis adnatis, secedentibus, ventricosis, usque 6-8 mm. latis, didymis, confertis, ade albo-crenata, fulvis, in sicco flavescentibus, ade tandem atro-brunneis. Sporis umbrinis, ovato-ellipsoideis, 13-15 μ longis, 8-10 μ latis, membrana solida. Lamellis primo sordide coetuleis, margine alboserrato, dein ferrugineis; stipite primo albo-farinoso.

English translation: Pileus expanded, fleshy-flexible, glabrous, fulvous-isabelline, firm, dry 6 cm in diameter wrinkled-plicate towards the margin; stipe tough, cartilaginous, thin, striate, sprinkled with grey, white-woolly towards the substrate, 6 mm thick; lamellae adnate, seceding, ventricose, up to 6-8 mm broad, didymous* (twosome), crowded, edge white, crenate, fulvous, becoming yellowish when dry, edge finally dark brown. Spores dark brown, ovoid to ellipsoid, 13-15 μ long, 8-10 μ wide, wall tough. Lamellae at first dingy cerulean (sky-blue), edge white, serrate, then rusty-red; stipe at first white-pulverulent.

Commentary: The latin diagnosis uses the term Didymus (twosome, in pairs). Based on the author's use of the term tridymus, the pattern should be two entire lamellae with two lamellulae in between, one of which is longer. Thus far we have been unable to study type material of this taxon. Based on the diagnosis, it is not possible to determine whether this is a Hebeloma, however Singer apparently studied the material and believed it to be an Agrocybe..

Original diagnosis: ileus 3-4 cm latus, late convexus demum subplanus, canescens, subviscidus, obscure luteobrunneus, ad marginem brunneogriseus, demum corrugatus. Odor et gustus mitis. Lamellae latae, ventricosae, pallidae demum brunneae. Stipes 6-8 cm longus, 2.5-4 mm crassus, deorsum demum obscure fulvus. Velum argillaceum, fibrillosum. Sporae 11-14.5 x 7-8 μm, tarde dextrinoideae, limoniformes. Cheilocystidia 43-70 x 6-9 x 4-6 μm, filiformes vel anguste fusoidventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 3-4 cm broad, broadly convex, later subapplanate, hoary, subviscid, dull yellow-brown, brown-grey on the margin, finally rugose. Smell and taste mild. Lamellae broad, ventricose, pale, afterwards brown. Stipe 6-8 cm long, 2.5-4 mm thick, downwards dimly fulvous in age. Veil argillaceous, fibrillose. Spores 11-14.5 x 7-8 μm, slowly dextrinoid, citriform. Cheilocystidia 43-70 x 6-9 x 4-6 μm, filiform or narrowly fusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: Unfortunately we were unable to generate any DNA sequence data from the holotype. However based on morphological data and habitat and locality this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Original diagnosis: Hebeloma pileo fusco convexoplano viscoso margine cortinato pellicula facile detranenda carne hygrophana, stipite cylindrico carnoso albo medio fuscofibrilloso lamellis pallidis nec pulverulentis acie cystidiis prominentibus crenatis, sporis brunneis amygdaliformibus, 10 -12 x 6 -7, verrucosis. Sieht aus wie Cortinarius subsimilis Fr. t. 147,3. Barnstorler Anlagen. Sept.

English translation: Hebeloma with brown, plano-convex, viscous pileus with cortinate margin, with easily peeling cuticle and hygrophanous context; stipe cylindrical, fleshy, white, in the middle with brown fibrils; lamellae pale, not pulverulent with crenulate edge with prominent cystidia; spores brown, amygdaloid, 10–12 × 6–7 μm, verrucose. Looks like Cortinarius subsimilis Fr., t. 147,3. Barnstorler Anlagen. September.

Commentary: In Hebeloma, the combination of a cortina and amygdaloid spores is only known from Hebeloma sects. Hebeloma and Myxocybe. Hebeloma cortinarioides is stated to resemble Fries plate of Cortinarius subsimilis t. 147,3, a robust fungus with a uniformly dark brown pileus with pileus diameter equal to the stipe length. We cannot recognize a Hebeloma with such colours and stature. Without material the application of Krause’s name remains uncertain.

English translation: Pileus solid, fleshy, entirely white, applanate, smooth, margin involute; stipe 3-5 cm long, solid, swollen at base, lamellae white, crowded, subsegmentiform, adnexed, subdecurrent. Spores ovoid to spherical, argillaceous, 4 x 5 μ, slightly roughened. Among leaves, rising from a widely extended white, felt-like mycelium.

Commentary: We have thus far been unable to access type material. Based on the diagnosis, particularly the description of the spores, this is very unlikely to be a Hebeloma.

Types: No type designated.

A later homotypic synonym is: Meliderma crassum (Fr.) Velen., Ceské Houby 2: 400 (1920).

Original diagnosis: Cortinarius crassus, pileo crasse carnoso plane depressoque unicolori, disco glabro, ceterum fibrillis innatis strigoso, stipites valido obeso fibrilloso albo, apice albo-farinaceo, lamellis rotundatis confertis integerrimis e pallido argillaceis. In nemoribus humidis raro. Valde notabilis, curtus, robustus, sed caro mollis pallescens. Pileus 3-5 unc. latus, sordide luteus, opacus, nec nisi disco primitus viscidulus. Videtur hinc ad Inolomata pertinere, sed ex affinitate proximus intime connexus, utrumque velum saepe obsoletum.

English translation: Cortinarius crassus, pileus thick-fleshed, plane, depressed, unicoloured, with glabrous disc, but strigose with innate fibrils; stipe really thick white fibrillose, with white farinaceous apex; lamellae rounded, crowded, entire, pale then clay-coloured. Rare in moist forest. Indeed striking, shortish, robust, but with soft, pallescent context. Pileus 7.5–12.5 cm broad, sordid yellow, opaque, not viscid or at first at disc only. It seems to belong to Inoloma, but of close affinity to the next [C. balteatus], both have rudimentary veil.

Commentary: This is: = Cortinarius crassus Fr.

Types: No type designated.

A later homotypic synonym is: Meliderma crassum (Fr.) Velen., Ceské Houby 2: 400 (1920).

Commentary: See Hebeloma crassum (Fr.) Ricken.

Types: SPAIN: Madrid, Puerto de Canencia (approx. 40.87°N, 3.77°W, alt. approx. 1500 m a.s.l.) on grassy soil under Salix atrocinerea, 10 Nov. 1985, F. Esteve-Raventós, det: F. Esteve-Raventós, Heykoop (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. AH9392, HJB1000146).

Original diagnosis: A. varietate typica differt sporis maioribus (12,5-)13-16(-17) x (5,5-)6-7(-7,8) μm et pileo albo pallido.

English translation: Differs from the type variety by the larger spores (12.5–)13–16(–17) x (5.5–)6–7(–7.8) μm and pallid, whitish pileus.

Commentary: We have examined the holotype both morphologically and molecularly, from which we have sequences of various loci. This is: = Hebeloma fusisporum Gröger & Zschiesch.

Diagnosis: Pileus convex to expanded, slightly gibbous, solitary, 5-7 cm. broad; surface viscid when young but soon becoming dry, perfectly smooth and glabrous, resembling dressed kid, uniformly cream-colored, margin entire, concolorous; context pure-white, without characteristic taste or odor; lamellae broadly sinuate, crowded, ventricose, pale-chocolate-brown at maturity, entire and concolorous on the edges; spores ellipsoid, smooth, brown in mass, rather dark for the genus, pale-ferruginous under the microscope, 12-13 X 6-7 μ; stipe subequal, fleshy, longitudinally striate, glabrous, dull-cream-colored, white at the apex, 8-9 cm. long, 7-12 mm. thick; veil membranous, slight, remaining attached in fragments to the margin.

Commentary: The spores are smooth, thick-walled and with a germ pore (10–13 × 7–9 µm). This is certainly not a Hebeloma and appears most likely to be a Pholiota, which was also suggested by a herbarium note from L.R. Hesler written in 1972. Unfortunately, we did not manage to generate any DNA sequence data.

Types: SWITZERLAND: Val dal Botsch (approx. 46.65°N, 10.1°E, alt. approx. 2600 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil in alpine meadow under Dryas octopetala and Salix herbacea, 27 Aug. 1949, J. Favre (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. G K13674, HJB1000060). Lectotype designated by Vesterholt, Acta Univ. Ups. Symb. Bot. Ups. 30 (3): (1995) page 134.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma alpinum (J. Favre) Bruchet (1970)

Commentary: see Hebeloma alpinum (J. Favre) Bruchet

Diagnosis: A typo differt sporis minoribus, 7 .5-9 x 4. 5-5 μ.

Commentary: Unfortunately we were not able to generate any molecular sequences from this material. Based on morphology this is: = Hebeloma nanum Velen.

Types: UNITED STATES: Michigan: Washtenaw, Whitmore Lake (approx. 42.488°N, 83.7533°W, alt. approx. 275 m a.s.l.) on grassy soil in deciduous woodland, 4 Oct. 1907, C.H. Kauffman (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. MICH 49932, HJB1000373).

Diagnosis: Form minor: is smaller, pileus 2-8 cm. broad. It has no cystidia on the sides of the gills, and the spores measure 8-10 x 5-7 micr. Sterile cells on the edge of the gills are clavate at the apex. The edge of the gills exudes drops. Found in the same woods as the type.

Commentary: Although Agaricus crustuliniformis f. minor Cooke 1884 was previously published, this was never recombined into Hebeloma.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma calvinii Hesler & A.H. Sm. [as "calvini"] (1984)

Types: UNITED STATES: Michigan: Washtenaw, Mud Lake, West of Whitmore Lake (approx. 42.4139°N, 83.7939°W, alt. approx. 270 m a.s.l.), 20 Oct. 1906, C.H. Kauffman (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. MICH 10723, HJB1000335).

Commentary: See Hebeloma calvinii Hesler & A.H. Smith.

Original diagnosis: Pileus weisslich, silberig, klebrig; Sp. 12/4 μ.

English translation: Pileus white, silvery, viscid; spores 12 × 4 μm.

Commentary: The protologue unfortunately gives very little information, not allowing an interpretation. Killermann refers to “Bresadola in litt. 1923”, but, unfortunately, we have been unable to locate this publication. Similarly we have been unable to fnd any original material. So, for the moment, we cannot make any interpretation of this species

Types: SWITZERLAND: Val dal Botsch (approx. 46.65°N, 10.1°E, alt. approx. 2600 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil in alpine meadow under Dryas octopetala and Salix herbacea, 27 Aug. 1949, J. Favre (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. G K13674, HJB1000060). Lectotype designated by Vesterholt, Acta Univ. Ups. Symb. Bot. Ups. 30 (3): (1995) page 134.

Commentary: see Hebeloma alpinum (J. Favre) Bruchet

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo; stipite 2-5 X 1-1.5 cm.

English translation: Pileus convex; stipe 2-5 x 1-1.5 cm.

Commentary: With the gently clavate cheilocystidia and the amygdaloid to limoniform rather strongly dextrinoid spores this taxon belongs to H. sect. Velutipes. Within this section, the small cheilocystidium apex (ave. 5.7 µm) would rule out the non-arctic-alpine members of the velutipes-complex apart from H. incarnatulum, which never has the kind of very squat stature described for Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. brevipes. The other European members of this section are not known from northern America, and in any case do not match the description of this taxon. However, H. caulocystidiosum, which appears to be confined to the warmer climates of the southern part of this continent does match with Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. brevipes very well and there appears little doubt that these two taxa are conspecific. Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. brevipes, therefore, becomes a synonym of H. caulocystidiosum, which is accordingly considered the current name of the taxon at species rank. Unfortunately, it was not possible to generate any molecular data from this collection. To summarize, based on morphology, this is: = Hebeloma caulocystidiosum Hesler.

Types: Not designated. There is no original or authentic material in Persoon's herbarium at L.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma longicaudum (Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871)

Commentary: See Hebeloma longicaudum (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Basionym: Agaricus crustuliniformis f. minor Cooke [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) crustuliniformis f. minor"] (1884) [“1881-1891”]

Types: Cooke, Illustr. Br. Fungi: 176 (1884) pl. 414, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 584 (MBT202529)

According to Stafleu & Cowen (1976), plates 405-420 were published in 1884.

Homotypic synonyms: Agaricus crustuliniformis var. minor (Cooke) Cooke [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) crustuliniformis var. minor"] (1886) [“1883-1891”]

Diagnosis: Var. minor. Cooke Illustr. T. 414. Minor = smaller.

Commentary: Cooke (1883–1891) does not make a separate description of this taxon, but only states that it is smaller than H. crustuliniforme (sensu Cooke), and he refers to plate 414. The plate is suitable as lectotype because it was referred to in the protologues by number and so must have been available to Cooke when publishing the name. The depicted specimens on plate 414 were found in a grass lawn, they have a distinctly coloured but quite pale pileus, distant lamellae and a coarsely foccose stipe with a weakly discolouring base. The spore size is given as 10–12 × 6 µm. The distant lamellae are not typical for Hebeloma crustuliniforme. Hebeloma hiemale and H. aestivale have most of these characters, but typically a much less foccose stipe. The most likely determination is H. helodes, which is also typically somewhat smaller. Therefore, we believe this is: = Hebeloma helodes J. Favre.

Diagnosis: Differt a typo (Hebeloma crustuliniforme) sporis maioribus (12-15 x 6-7,5 μm), pileo latiore, odore paene raphanoidi. Typus variatatis, Ratisbonae lectus, 4.10.1978 in Herbario Monacensi (M) conservatur.

Commentary: We made a morphological and molecular study of the holotype and discovered it to be a mixed collection, as had already been recognized by Vesterholt and Grilli (herb. notes). The material consists of three diferent species: one basidiome with distant lamellae which is a Hygrophorus; two medium basidiomes that represent H. aanenii; and one basidiome that represents H. eburneum. We selected the basidiome representing H. eburenum as lectotype as it is closest to the protologue, particularly regarding spore size. Hence: = Hebeloma eburneum Malenςon.

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnoso, convexo-plano, orbiculari, glabro, subviscido, albido-ochraceo, centro subfusco; lamellis adnexis, rufo-argillaceis, angustis, confertis, immaculatis; basidiis clavatis, 4-sterigmaticis (20-23 x 8-10 μm); cystidiis nullis; sporis ovoideis, utrinque apiculatis, argillaceis, laevibus, 1-2 guttulatis (14-15 x 6-8 m); stipite cylindraceo, aequali, curvato, fibrilloso, apice farinoso, albido, gracili, farcto; carne pilei albidus, molliuscula, immutabili.

English translation: Pileus fleshy, plano-convex, circular, glabrous, subviscid, whitish-ochre with almost brown centre; lamellae adnexed, reddish-clay coloured, narrow, crowded, not spotted; basidia clavate, four-spored (20–23 × 8–10 μm); cystidia absent; spores ovoid, narrowed at both sides, clay-coloured, smooth, 1–2 guttulate (14–15 × 6–8 μm); stipe cylindrical, equal, curved, fibrillose, powdered at apex, white, slender, hollow; context of pileus whitish, very soft, not staining.

Commentary: With such large spores, no cystidia and no mention of a sweet smell, we know of no Hebeloma that would fit the protologue. We must conclude that without original material, we cannot interpret this taxon other than to say that it is not Hebeloma crustuliniforme.

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 308 (1787) tab. 308, lectotype (icon) designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558

FRANCE: Côte-d'Or, La Combe de la Serpente (47.3024°N, 4.9463°E, alt. approx. 435 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil and litter in coniferous woodland plantation under Cedrus libanotica ssp.atlantica, 11 Oct. 2010, H.J. Beker, M.L. Beker (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR MYCO 173989-68 (epitype), C C-F-90146 (isoepitype), HJB13713). Epitype designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558 (MBT175887).

The lectotype (icon), selected by Vesterholt et al., was incorrectly referred to as the holotype but this was corrected under Art. 9.9. in Beker et al. 215 (2016).

Commentary: See Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél.

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 583 (1787) tab. 308, lectotype (icon) designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558

FRANCE: Côte-d'Or, La Combe de la Serpente (47.3024°N, 4.9463°E, alt. approx. 435 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil and litter in coniferous woodland plantation under Cedrus libanotica ssp.atlantica, 11 Oct. 2010, H.J. Beker, M.L. Beker (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR MYCO 173989-68 (epitype), C C-F-90146 (isoepitype), HJB13713). Epitype designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558 (MBT175887).

The lectotype (icon), selected by Vesterholt et al., was incorrectly referred to as the holotype but this was corrected under Art. 9.9. in Beker et al. 215 (2016).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél. (1872)

Commentary: See Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél.

Basionym: Agaricus crustuliniformis Bull. (1787).

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 146 (1787) tab. 308, lectotype (icon) designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558

FRANCE: Côte-d'Or, La Combe de la Serpente (47.3024°N, 4.9463°E, alt. approx. 435 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil and litter in coniferous woodland plantation under Cedrus libanotica ssp.atlantica, 11 Oct. 2010, H.J. Beker, M.L. Beker (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR MYCO 173989-68 (epitype), C C-F-90146 (isoepitype), HJB13713). Epitype designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558 (MBT175887).

The lectotype (icon), selected by Vesterholt et al., was incorrectly referred to as the holotype but this was corrected under Art. 9.9. in Beker et al. 215 (2016).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél. (1872)

Commentary: See Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél.

Types: Bulliard, Herb. Fr.: 99 (1787) tab. 308, lectotype (icon) designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558

FRANCE: Côte-d'Or, La Combe de la Serpente (47.3024°N, 4.9463°E, alt. approx. 435 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil and litter in coniferous woodland plantation under Cedrus libanotica ssp.atlantica, 11 Oct. 2010, H.J. Beker, M.L. Beker (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR MYCO 173989-68 (epitype), C C-F-90146 (isoepitype), HJB13713). Epitype designated by Vesterholt et al., Mycol. Prog. 13 (3): (2014) page 558 (MBT175887).

The lectotype (icon), selected by Vesterholt et al., was incorrectly referred to as the holotype but this was corrected under Art. 9.9. in Beker et al. 215 (2016).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél. (1872)

Commentary: See Hebeloma crustuliniforme (Bull.) Quél.

Original diagnosis: F. 444; Sp. 12 : 6; wie der Stammform, doch das Fl. geruchslos; Herbst.

English translation: Fig. 444; spores 12 × 6 μm; like the type form [variety] but without odour. Autumn.

Commentary: Being described as inodorous and with stature shown on the figure, it most likely represents a species of Cortinarius subgenus Phlegmacium.

Types: Cooke, Illustr. Br. Fungi: 414 (1884) pl. 414, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 584 (MBT202529)

According to Stafleu & Cowen (1976), plates 405-420 were published in 1884.

Commentary: See Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. minus (Cooke) Massee.

Commentary: See Hebeloma austroamericanum (Speg.) Sacc.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma diffractum (Fr.) Gillet [as "diffractus"] (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma diffractum (Fr.) Gillet.

Types: Not designated. There is no original or authentic material in Persoon's herbarium at L.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma longicaudum (Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871)

Commentary: See Hebeloma longicaudum (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Types: Cooke, Illustr. Br. Fungi: 164 (1884) pl. 414, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 584 (MBT202529)

According to Stafleu & Cowen (1976), plates 405-420 were published in 1884.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. minus (Cooke) Massee [as "minor"] (1893)

Commentary: See Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. minus (Cooke) Massee.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma nudipes (Fr.) Kalchbr. (1874) [“1873–1877”]

Commentary: See Hebeloma nudipes (Fr.) Kalchbr.

Types: CUBA: Herradura (approx. 22.5122°N, 83.4137°W, alt. approx. 50 m a.s.l.) on soil in subtropical garden, 15 Jun. 1907, F.S. Earle (560), det: W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814881, HJB1000290; Isotype. held at herbarium K, HJB1000159).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, convex, gregarious, 2 cm. broad; surface floccose with the remains of the veil, not striate, chestnut-brown; lamellae short-decurrent, crowded, broad, cinnamon, eroded on the edges; spores ellipsoid, regular, smooth, melleous under the microscope, 11-12 X 7-8 μ; stipe flexuous, tough, fibrous, cylindric, floccose-fibrillose, pale-brown, solid, whitened below, 4 cm, long, 3-4 mm. thick; veil white, floccose, appendiculate.

Commentary: Agrocybe cubensis, recombined by Singer (1977) into Agrocybe, is a later synonym of A. pediades, a species with wide distribution known from South Africa, America, Asia and Europe. Dennis (1953) synonymized H. cubense with Agrocybe sacchari (Murrill) Dennis, the type of which was not included in this study. The spores of the type of A. cubensis are ellipsoid, thick-walled and smooth with a clearly visible germ pore (10–13 × 7.5–9.5 µm); the cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are utriform, occasionally stipitate. The microscopic features, the habitat, and the ITS generated from the holotype support the synonymisation with A. pediades.

Types: FRANCE: Le Bourgenay, near Sables d'Olonne (approx. 46.493°N, 1.7955°W, alt. approx. 10 m a.s.l.) in dune under Pinus pinaster, 12 Nov. 1964, M. Bon (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. LIP 4119, HJB1000025).

Commentary: See Hebeloma cylindrosporum var. pseudoradicatum Bon

Types: FRANCE: Le Bourgenay, near Sables d'Olonne (approx. 46.493°N, 1.7955°W, alt. approx. 10 m a.s.l.) in dune under Pinus pinaster, 12 Nov. 1964, M. Bon (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. LIP 4119, HJB1000025).

Original diagnosis: A typo differt stipite radicato; fungus saepe robustior, pileo usque 6 (7,5) cm, stipite usque 10(12) x 0,8-1,5 cm, coloreque pilei interdum obscuriore vel uniformi. Habitus Hebelomatis spoliati sed sporae elongatae, cylindraceae anatomiaque sicut in typo. In locis sabulosis. sub Pino, praecipue P. pinastero, prope mare atlanticum lectus (Olonne, Vendée).

English translation: Differs from the type by the radicating stipe; often distinctly more robust than the type variety; pileus up to 6 (7.5) cm, stipe up to 10 (12) × 0.8(–1.5) cm, of the same colour as the pileus or sometimes darker or uniform. Habit of Hebeloma spoliatum but with elongate spores, cylindrical, the same anatomy as in the type. In sandy soil under Pinus, especially P. pinaster found along the Atlantic coast (Olonne, Vendee).

Commentary: We have seen examples of Hebeloma cylindrosporum, with and without a radicating stipe. There is no molecular difference and no morphological difference other than the ‘root’. This is: = Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagn.

Basionym: Naucoria dasypus Romagn. (1937)

Types: France, Paris, Jardin du Museum de Paris, among dead leaves in garden, Nov. 1934 (Holotype PC).

Homotypic synonyms: Alnicola dasypus (Romagn.) Romagn. (1944) ["1942"]

Original diagnosis: Pileo primum campanulato, dein expanso et plerumque ad margine resino, subcupuliforme, margine recta et saepe undulata, 2-3 cm., primum e rubiginoso fulvo, tandem lepide e fulvo ochraceo, non vel paene mammoso, rugato et longe udo striati, viscidulo, sicco ochraceo, tenui ac fragile. Stipite longo, 60-80 x 2-2,5 mm, paulum infra incrassato, fragile, mox cavo, argentato, longis fuscidulis fibris striato, primum furfuriculis albis eximie vestito, fugacissimus autem ita ut tandem fere glaber sit. Carne fulvida, fragillima, non olente. Lamellis modice stipatis, inaequalibus, anguste adnexis, dein subliberis, latis, maxime rotundatis, obtusis, primum argillaceis, dein ex rubiginose fulvis, in juventute in acie pallidioribus. Sporis subamygdalifomibus, minutissime punctatis, 10-11,5 x 5-6 μm. Basidiis 25-35 x 5-6 micr., 2-4 crassis sterigmatibus redimitis. Pilis marginem claviformibus, sursum globulosis, 27-40 x 10-14 micr.. Carne et trama lamellarum ex ovatis late cylindratis cellulis constant; cuticula parum distantes, cum ramosis, sinuosis hyphis lactiferis.

English translation: Pileus campanulate at first, then expanding, and often with revolute, 2–3 cm, margin, almost cup-shaped, with straight and often undulating margin, rusty brown at first, then a delightful ochre-yellow brown, not or hardly mammose, wrinkled and long striate when moist, viscid, ochre when dry, thin and fragile. Stipe long, 60–80 × 2–2.5 mm, slightly broadened at base, fragile, soon hollow, longitudinally fibrous striate with yellow brown fibrils on silvery background, at first covered with a thick pubescent layer, which is however very fugacious and finally it is almost bald. Context yellow-brown, very fragile, without odour. Lamellae moderately crowded, unequal, narrowly adnexed, then almost free, broad, maximally rounded, blunt, clay-coloured at first, then rusty yellow-brown, with much paler edge when young. Spores subamygdaloid, minutely punctate, 10–11.5 × 5–6 μm. Basidia 25–35 × 5–6 μm, with 2–4 μm long sterigmata. Marginal hairs claviform to globose, 27–40 × 10–14 μm. Context and trama of the lamellae made up of ovate or broadly cylindrical hyphal elements; cuticle poorly differentiated with branched, sinuose lactiferous hyphae.

Commentary: The holotype was studied by Moreau (2005). This is: = Pholiotina dasypus (Romagn.) P.-A. Moreau

Is basionym of: Hebeloma dasypus (Romagn.) Singer (1951) ["1949"]; Alnicola dasypus (Romagn.) Romagn. (1944) ["1942"]

Types: Holotype at PC, collected in France, Paris, Jardin du Museum de Paris, among dead leaves in garden, Nov. 1934.

Original diagnosis: Pileo primum campanulato, dein expanso et plerumque ad margine resino, subcupuliforme, margine recta et saepe undulata, 2-3 cm., primum e rubiginoso fulvo, tandem lepide e fulvo ochraceo, non vel paene mammoso, rugato et longe udo striati, viscidulo, sicco ochraceo, tenui ac fragile. Stipite longo, 60-80 x 2-2,5 mm, paulum infra incrassato, fragile, mox cavo, argentato, longis fuscidulis fibris striato, primum furfuriculis albis eximie vestito, fugacissimus autem ita ut tandem fere glaber sit. Carne fulvida, fragillima, non olente. Lamellis modice stipatis, inaequalibus, anguste adnexis, dein subliberis, latis, maxime rotundatis, obtusis, primum argillaceis, dein ex rubiginose fulvis, in juventute in acie pallidioribus. Sporis subamygdalifomibus, minutissime punctatis, 10-11,5 x 5-6 μm. Basidiis 25-35 x 5-6 micr., 2-4 crassis sterigmatibus redimitis. Pilis marginem claviformibus, sursum globulosis, 27-40 x 10-14 micr.. Carne et trama lamellarum ex ovatis late cylindratis cellulis constant; cuticula parum distantes, cum ramosis, sinuosis hyphis lactiferis.

English translation: Pileus campanulate at first, then expanding, and often with revolute, 2–3 cm, margin, almost cup-shaped, with straight and often undulating margin, rusty brown at first, then a delightful ochre-yellow brown, not or hardly mammose, wrinkled and long striate when moist, viscid, ochre when dry, thin and fragile. Stipe long, 60–80 × 2–2.5 mm, slightly broadened at base, fragile, soon hollow, longitudinally fibrous striate with yellow brown fibrils on silvery background, at first covered with a thick pubescent layer, which is however very fugacious and finally it is almost bald. Context yellow-brown, very fragile, without odour. Lamellae moderately crowded, unequal, narrowly adnexed, then almost free, broad, maximally rounded, blunt, clay-coloured at first, then rusty yellow-brown, with much paler edge when young. Spores subamygdaloid, minutely punctate, 10–11.5 × 5–6 μm. Basidia 25–35 × 5–6 μm, with 2–4 μm long sterigmata. Marginal hairs claviform to globose, 27–40 × 10–14 μm. Context and trama of the lamellae made up of ovate or broadly cylindrical hyphal elements; cuticle poorly differentiated with branched, sinuose lactiferous hyphae.

Commentary: See Hebeloma dasypus (Romagn.) Singer.

Basionym: Naucoria dasypus Romagn. (1937)

Types: Holotype at PC, collected in France, Paris, Jardin du Museum de Paris, among dead leaves in garden, Nov. 1934.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma dasypus (Romagn.) Singer (1951) ["1949"]

Commentary: See Hebeloma dasypus (Romagn.) Singer.

Original diagnosis: Agaricus (Hebeloma) decoratus, pileo subviscoso carnoso, undulato-repando expanso umbone pallidiori, primitus velo lanoso lutescente-pallido peronato dein con centrice squamoso, stipites subflexuoso annulato fistuloso, fusiformi radicato striato e pallido lutescente-ligneo apice pruinoso, lamellis emarginatis-adnexis epunctatis ex albido pallide cinamomeis. Inter gramina in prato sylvestri elevato Svarte Gärdet dicto in paroecio Råda extra Lidköping, copiose Sept. seriori 1845. Pi. 2 unc. et ultra lat. Stip. 3-4 unc. long. 4-6 lin. crassus – Species Hebelomat. Eximia. Pileus junior e velo margine primitus dense peronatus, in modum fere Cortinariorum turmalis et lanigeri. Pileus maturus e velo concentrice squamosus, et junior et demum, etiam jove pluvio, levissime tantum, saepe inconspicue, viscosus, plus minus undulate-repandus, junior praesertim fuscescens, sed disco semper lutescente pallidiori. Stipes e pallido lutescente-ligneo demum magis magisque fuscescenti-striatus, plerumque oblique annulatus (saepe distincte biannulatus). Lamellae prorsus epunctatae sub lente tantum tenuissime ciliatulae. Orod Hebelomatum debilis.

English translation: Agaricus (Hebeloma) decoratus, pileus subviscid, fleshy, undulating-expanded with paler umbo, at first covered with woolly pale yellow veil, then with concentric squamules, stipe subflexuous, hollow, annulate, fusiform, rooting, striate, pale yellow-wood colour with pruinose apex; lamellae emarginate-adnexed, not spotted, white then pale cinnamon colour. Among grass in woodland-meadow on the hill Svarte Gärdet in Råda parish near Lidköping, abundant, late Sept. 1845. Pileus 5 cm and more wide. Stipe 7.5–10 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide. Pileus when young with marginal veil at first densely woolly, like in Cortinarius turmalis and C. lanigerus. Mature pileus with concentric velar squamules, young, and later also in rainy weather, slightly, and often indistinctly viscid, more or less undulating-expanded, turning to brown, especially when young, but centre paler, more yellowish. Stipe first pale yellowish-wood colour, then very strongly brown striate, very often with blunt annulus (often distinctly biannulate). Lamellae absolutely not spotted, under lens poorly, finely ciliate. Smell weakly hebelomatoid.

Commentary: Described as having a very strong woolly veil on the pileus, which has a paler umbo, and with a rooting stipe and weak smell. If it were a Hebeloma it would belong to Hebeloma sect. Scabrispora. However, we cannot think of any known taxon from that section that would be described as having a “strong woolly veil”, so we consider it unlikely that this is a Hebeloma species.

Original diagnosis: I början blekaktig, sedan sämskfärgad med dragning åt rostbrunt eller okragult, torr utbleknande, hatten slutl. i ytan söndersprucken till fjäll, lukten m. stark, lik den af rättika. Hatten n. köttig, i början klockformigt kullrig, sedan utbredd, med en bred, låg upphöjning eller puckel i midten, oregelbunden, slutl. i kanten inskuren, yngre öfverdragon met ett fint ludd eller puder, torr, 3-10 cm. bred; foten pipig, jemntjock, flerböjd, often skrufvriden, n. finträdigt strimmig, slutl. ljust umbrabrun, 3-9 cm. lång, 2-3 mm., tjock; lamellerna fastväxta, tättsittande, i början bleka, sedan ler- eller sämskfärgade, skiftante mer eller mindre I brunt; sporerna aflångt ovala, 7-9 mmm. långa, 3-6 mmm. Tjocka. Till storlek og utseende lik N. escharoides. Växer flock- eller tufvis.

English translation: Pale in the beginning, later medium brown (leather-coloured) with rusty brown tinge or ochre yellow, pallescent on drying, finally breaking up into small squamules; odour very strong, raphanoid. Pileus somewhat fleshy, in the beginning campanulate-hemispherical then expanding, with a broad, low umbo of papilla at centre, irregular, finally incised at margin; when young covered with a fine tomentum or powder, dry, 3–10 cm broad; stipe hollow, equal, curved, often twisted, finely fibrillose-striate, finally pale umber brown, 3–9 cm long, 2–3 cm broad; lamellae adnate, crowded, pale at first, then leather or pale brown coloured, more or less tending to brown; spores elongate-ovate, 7–9 μm long, 3–6 μm wide. Thick. In habit and size similar to Naucoria escharoides. Growing in groups or caespitose.

Commentary: Two original collections have been studied: No 4000 ‘Fennia, Tavastia australis, Tammela, Mustiala, in pascuo, 23 Aug. 1878, leg. et det. P.A. Karsten’; and No 4001 ‘ Fennia, Tavastia australis, Tammela, Heinämaa, Sep. 1879, leg. et det. P.A. Karsten’, both deposited in H. The latter collection has been split into two, one part labelled ‘zonata’ and the other part labelled ‘non zonata’. Having examined all the material, this species belongs in the genus Naucoria (Fr.) P. Kumm., as already suggested by Vesterholt (1989). We have a good ITS sequence for the collection labelled 4001, ‘non zonata’, and as this is very likely to be (at least a part of) the original material mentioned in the protologue, this was designated as lectotype.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden, under Pinus in mountains.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebelomatis diffractum (Fr.) Locq. (1979) [“1977”]

Commentary: See Hebeloma diffractum (Fr.) Gillet.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden, under Pinus in mountains.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis diffractum (Fr.) Locq. (1979) [“1977”]; Hylophila crustuliniformis var. diffracta (Fr.) Quél. (1886)

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnoso tenui convexo obtuso glabro subsicco, demum diffracto-squamoso, stipites cavo albo, deorsum attenuato, sursum albo-flocculoso squamoso, lamellis emarginatis ventricosis latis e pallido ferrugineis. Supra acus Pini in silv. densis, montosis. Odor debilis, haud gratus. Stipe 1-1,5 unc l.; deorsum farctus acutus. Pileus mollis, 1.5-2 unc., alutaceus.

English translation: Pileus thin-fleshed, convex, blunt, glabrous, almost dry, then breaking up into squamules, stipe hollow, white, attenuated towards base, albo-flocculose at apex, lamellae emarginate, broadly ventricose, pallid then ferrugineous. On needles of Pinus in dense, mountain forest. Odour weak, not unpleasant. Stipe 2.5–4 cm long; stuffed, acute. Pileus soft, 4–5 cm, leather brown.

Commentary: Judging from the protologue, Agaricus diffractus is a member of Hebeloma sect. Denudata, possibly Hebeloma hiemale, but without material it is not possible to make a reliable interpretation. The name has not been in common use in recent times. It was described with a cracking pileus, but cracking of the pileus is hardly a diagnostic feature for any specifc Hebeloma species.

Basionym: Agaricus diffractus Fr. (1838) [“1836-1838”]

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden, under Pinus in mountains.

Homotypic synonyms: Hylophila diffracta (Fr.) Quél. (1888)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma diffractum (Fr.) Gillet [as "diffractus"] (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma diffractum (Fr.) Gillet.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden, under Pinus in mountains.

Commentary: See Hebeloma diffractum (Fr.) Gillet.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Lewis County and Columbia County, Croghan and Copake (approx. 43.8959°N, 75.3924°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland, Sep. 1872, C.H. Peck (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001019.1, HJB1000535; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039667, HJB1000557; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001019.2, HJB1000562). Lectotype designated by Eberhardt et al., Mycologia 114 (2): (2022) page 354 (MBT10000884).

As part of this project we have had access to two parts: NYS-F-001019.1 annotated as “this specimen was loose in box labelled Croghan & Copake”; NYS-F-001019.2 annotated as “this specimen was in same packet as NYSf1019.3 (enclosed in Croghan & Copake box)”. There is no doubt that the exsiccata from both these parts represent the same collection and indeed both show the darkening of the disk which Peck clearly regarded as very important, whence the epithet. Lectotype designated was NYS-F-001019.1. No DNA sequence information obtained.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma discomorbidum (Peck) Peck (1910)

Commentary: See Hebeloma discomorbidum (Peck) Peck.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Lewis County and Columbia County, Croghan and Copake (approx. 43.8959°N, 75.3924°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland, Sep. 1872, C.H. Peck (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001019.1, HJB1000535; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039667, HJB1000557; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001019.2, HJB1000562). Lectotype designated by Eberhardt et al., Mycologia 114 (2): (2022) page 354 (MBT10000884).

As part of this project we have had access to two parts: NYS-F-001019.1 annotated as “this specimen was loose in box labelled Croghan & Copake”; NYS-F-001019.2 annotated as “this specimen was in same packet as NYSf1019.3 (enclosed in Croghan & Copake box)”. There is no doubt that the exsiccata from both these parts represent the same collection and indeed both show the darkening of the disk which Peck clearly regarded as very important, whence the epithet. Lectotype designated was NYS-F-001019.1. No DNA sequence information obtained.

Commentary: See Hebeloma discomorbidum (Peck) Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-3.5 (4) cm latus, demum plano-umbonatus, subviscidus, ad marginem fibrillosus obscure cinnamomeus ("Sayal Brown"); contextus insipidus, odor nullus. Lamellae brunneolae demum obscure cinnamomeae, confertae, angustae, adnatae. Stipes 3-6 cm longus, 2-3 mm crassus, dissiliens, deorsum demum obscure fulvus; velum albidum, sparsim, fibrillosum. Sporae 9-11.5 x 4.5-5.5 μm, anguste ellipticae vel subphasioliformes, non dextrinoideae, subleves. Cheilocystidia anguste fusoide ventricosa vel subcylindrica, 32-48 x 4-7 x 3-6 μm.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-3.5 (4) cm broad, afterwards applanate-umbonate, subviscid, fibrillose on the margin, dull cinnamon (“Sayal Brown”); context tasteless, smell none. Lamellae brownish, later dull cinnamon, crowded, narrow, adnate. Stipe 3-6 cm long, 2-3 mm thick, splitting, downwards a dull shade of fulvous in age; veil whitish, sparsely distributed, fibrillose. Spores 9-11.5 x 4.5-5.5 μm, narrowly ellipsoid or subphaseoliform, indextrinoid, almost smooth. Cheilocystidia narrowly fusoid-ventricose or subcylindrical, 32-48 x 4-7 x 3-6 μm.

Commentary: Unfortunately we were unable to generate any DNA sequence data from the type. However, based on morphological anlalysis taken together with habitat and locality, this is: = Hebeloma alpinicola A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel.

Types: ALGERIA: Foret de L'Alma (36.7167°N, 3.4°E, alt. approx. 75 m a.s.l.) under Quercus sp., 15 Dec. 1933, R. Maire (11028) (Holotype. held at herbarium MPU, HJB1000106).

Commentary: See Hebeloma domardianum (Maire) Beker, U. Eberh. & Vesterh.

Types: ALGERIA: Foret de L'Alma (36.7167°N, 3.4°E, alt. approx. 75 m a.s.l.) under Quercus sp., 15 Dec. 1933, R. Maire (11028) (Holotype. held at herbarium MPU, HJB1000106).

Original diagnosis: Carpophora solitaria l. gregaria, vix nevix hygrophana: caro alba, leviter amara, odorem rapaceum laevum, interdum obsoletum, spirans. Sporae in cumulo tenui albae; in cumulo crasso non visae. Stipes teres subaequalis, plus minusve flexuosus, 3-4 cm longus, 5-6 mm crassus, cum pileo confluens, fibroso-carnosus, solidus sed mox intus plus minusve spongiosus, cute fibrilloso-striata, sericea, adnata, sicca glabra l. interdum leviter floccoso-squamulosa, sub lamellis valde pruinosa, undique alba, vestitus, cum pileo vestigiis veli admodum carens. Pileus convexus, demum applanatus, obsolete umbonatus, 2.5-4 cm diam., praeter discum crassiusculum tenuis, carnosus, subfragilis; cutis leviter viscosa, usque ad discum plus minusve secernibilis, glabra, alba, in disco rufescens; margo incurvus, pruinosus, albus. Lamellae confertae, cum pileo confluentes, ventricosae, utrinque plus minusve rotundatae, adnatae leviter emarginatae, latiusculae (3 mm), tenues, albae; acies plus minusve denticulata pruinosa; intervenatio nulla; lamellulae plus minusve adtenuatae, l. interdum subrotundatae. Lamellarum acies pilis longis filiformibus, flexuosis, apice subclavatis, base interdum inflatis, permutatis, confertis, 32-50 x 5,5-7 μm, membrana tenui hyalina, interdum apice dilute mellea et leniter incrassata praeditis, heteromorpha. Mediostratum versus basim lamellalarum valde intertextum, versus aciem subregulare ex hyphis elongatis, subcylindraceis, fibuligeris, 7-10 μm diam., nonnulis inflatis usque ad 18 μm diam. constans. Subhymenium ramosum, subcellulosum, crassiusculum (hymenium c aequans); hymenopodium haud conspicuum. Cystidia nulla. Basidia clavata, 4-spora, 32-35 x 8-9 μm. Sporae juvenis membrana chloralii iodati ope purpureo-violascens, adulte immutabilis. Sporae hyalinae, amygdaliformes, episporio levissimae incrassato rigido laevi tunicatae, apice conspicue papillatae binucleatae, 11-5 x 8 μm. Pilei cutis ex hyphis gelificatis gracilibus (2-3 μm diam.) intertextis, fibruligeris, subcylindraceis, elongatis, stratum viscosum efformantibus, stratum internum hypharum haud gelificatorum, intertextarum, 6-10 μm diam., elantibus, constans. Stipitis cutis ex hyphis parallelis gracilibus (3-5 μm diam.), fibuligeris, cylindraceis, laevibus, hyalinis, constans, versus apicem stipitis pilis longe claviformibus, usque ad 7-8 μm diam., caespitosus, praedita. Hab. In quercetis suberis Mauretaniae, autumno exeunte.

English translation: Basidiomes solitary or in groups, hardly hygrophanous, context white, slightly bitter, with slight raphanoid odour, sometimes stronger when old. Spore print white in thin layer, not seen in thick layer. Stipe cylindrical, subequal, more or less flexuous, 3–4 cm long, 5–6 mm wide, confluent with pileus, fibrous-fleshy, solid but soon spongy in inner part, with fibrillose-striate, shiny, adnate, dry, glabrous to sometimes slightly floccose-squamulose surface, between lamellae strongly pruinose, white all over, like the pileus lacking veil. Pileus convex then applanate, finally umbonate, 2.5–4 cm broad, thin, apart from thickish centre, fleshy, subfragile; surface slightly viscous, peeling to almost the centre, glabrous, white, becoming reddish at centre; margin incurved, pruinose, white. Lamellae crowded, confluent with pileus, ventricose, rounded to both sides, adnate, slightly emarginate, moderately wide (3 mm), thin, white; with more or less denticulate, pruinose edge; not interveined; lamellulae more or less attached, sometimes rounded. Lamella edge with long, filiform, flexuous hairs with subclavate apex and sometimes inflated basal part, variable, dense, 32–50 × 5.5–7 μm, thin-walled, sometimes with slightly thickened, yellowish apex, heteromorphous. Mediostratum towards base of lamella strongly interwoven, towards edge subregular, made up of elongate, subcylindrical, clamped hyphae, 7–10 μm diam., sometimes inflated, up to 18 μm diam. Subhymenium ramose, subcellular, very thick, about equal to hymenium; hymenopodium inconspicuous. Cystidia absent. Basidia clavate, fourspored, 32–35 × 8–9 μm. Spores when young turning purple-violaceous in chloral hydrate with iodine [Melzer’s reagent]; when mature not changing. Spores hyaline, amygdaloid, with slightly thickened, smooth, rigid epispore, with conspicuous apical papilla, binucleate, 11–15 × 8 μm. Pileipellis a cutis of slender, gelatinized hyphae, 2–3 μm wide, intermixed, clamped, subcylindrical, elongate, making a viscid layer; internal hyphal layer not gelatinized, made up of interwoven hyphae, 6–10 μm diam. Stipitipellis a cutis of parallel, slender, 3–5 μm wide, clamped, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline hyphae, towards apex of stipe with clustered, long, clavate, up to 7–8 μm wide hairs. Growing in oak woodlands (Quercus suber) in Mauretania, in autumn.

Commentary: Original material as well as Maire’s notes and watercolour drawings (fig. 1) have been recovered. While we have been unable to amplify DNA from the type, we have studied the material morphologically and are confident that this collection is conspecific with Hebeloma fragilipes (Beker et al.2016). Although the spores are typical ‘Hebelomina’ spores, i.e. smooth and of inflated appearance, they have the correct length for Hebeloma fragilipes, and the cheilocystidia exhibit the typical median thickening of this species. The name Hebelomina domardiana was published earlier than the name Hebeloma fragilipes, but having hyaline spores it is hardly typical. As a result, we have made a proposal (Beker et al. 2015) to conserve the name Hebeloma fragilipes against the name Hebeloma domardianum. Hebeloma fragilipes has recently been recommended for conservation by the Nomenclatural Committee (May 2017). Beker et al. (2016), anticipating this decision, list Hebeloma domardianum as a synonym of Hebeloma fragilipes. However, since that time we have uncovered an even older name for this taxon which is: = Hebeloma album Peck.

Types: UNITED STATES: California: Stanford University (approx. 37.4244°N, 122.1664°W, alt. approx. 35 m a.s.l.) on litter under Quercus sp., 14 Dec. 1901, C.F. Baker (CFB140), det: W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814863, HJB1000280; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039664, HJB1000349).

Diagnosis: Pileus rather thin, convex to expanded, somewhat umbonate or gibbous, solitary, 2-2.5 cm. broad; surface viscid, glabrous, smooth, cream-colored, darker on the disk, margin entire, concolorous; context white, without characteristic odor or taste; lamellae Sinuate, rather crowded, broad, dark-cream-colored to subfulvous; spores ellipsoid, smooth, melleous under the microscope, 8-9 X 5-6 μ; stipe slightly enlarged at the base, fleshy, white, smooth, finely fibrillose below, 4-5.5 cm. long, 4-6 mm. thick.

Commentary: A herbarium note written by L.R. Hesler in 1972 suggests that this is an Inocybe. Our analyses support this view. The spores are ellipsoid to amygdaloid, some ovoid (8.5–10 × 4.5–5.0 µm); the cystidia, both cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are ventricose often with apical crystals. An ITS sequence was generated from the holotype, which suggests that I. dryophila is a member of the I. geophylla group. It clusters there in a well-supported clade, not named by Matheny and Swenie (2018) who included an even larger selection of sequences from this clade in their analysis. Given the age of the name, I. dryophila may well be the correct name for the species represented by this clade.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis dunense (L. Corb. & R. Heim) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]

Original diagnosis: Chapeau de 1 à 3 cm. de diamètre. D’abord fortement convexe ou même hémisphérique. À marge enroulé nettement cortiné au début, convexe ou largement umboné chez l’adulte, parfois tardivement aplani mais très rarement déprimé, légèrement fibrilleux-soyeux sur les bords qui sont quelquefois relevés et fendillés, glabre, toujours lisse, roux-purpurin ou ochre-roux, plus pâle sur les bords avec le centre plus foncé et comme vernissé. Cortine fibrillo-soyeuse, blanchâtre et très nette au début, persistent ensuite sur le pied et même parfois sur la marge, se colorant en roux par les spores tombées. Pied de 1.5 á 3 cm. de hauteur, de 3 á 6 mm. de diamètre, cylindrique, parfois irrégulier ou courbé, fibrilleux, finement strié, plein au début, souvent creux á la fin, jaune paille ou blanchâtre, blanc au sommet. Lamelles adnées, légèrement decurrentes par la dent, assez serrées, minces non ventrues, d’abord ocre pâle, puis ocracées, avex la marge plus pâle au début mais purpurine sur les échantillons àgés. Chair ferme, hygrophane, crème, inodore, á saveur douce rappellant celle du champignon de couche. Spores ovoides, à depression ventrale peu marquée et non médiane, á hile net, peu colorées (ocre pâle vues isolément, ocre-roux vues en tas), sans pore germinatif, de 10–12,5 sur 6–7,5 μm, paraissant lisses main finement ponctuées á l’immersion. Basides cylindrico-claviformes, de 30 sur 7–9 μm environ, tetraspores, munies de stérigmates longs et arqués. Pas de cystides vraies, ni même de poils cystidiformes en touffes et très proéminentes, comme chez les nombreux Inocybe, mais des poils localisés á la tranche des lamelles, d’environ 30 μm de long sur 11–12 μm, renflés et souvent étranglés dans le haut. Sous hyménium celluleux. Trame à grosses cellules cylindriques, longues d’environ 50 μm sur 10–12 μm de large. Cette espèce remarquable, tout à fait arénicole, vient chaque printemps, de fin avril à fin mai, sur le sable encore humide de fonds de civettes dans les dunes de Bivelle, Vasteville, Héauville, près de Cherbourg, oú elle est rare et bien localisée.

English translation: Pileus from 1–3 cm diam., strongly convex at first or even hemispherical with inrolled margin, distinctly cortinate in the beginning, convex or broadly umbonate in mature state, sometimes finally applanate, but very rarely depressed, slightly fibrillose-silky at margin, which sometimes is uplifted and cracked, glabrous, always smooth, reddish purple or reddish ochre, much paler towards margin with darker, as if lacquered, centre. Cortina fibrillose-silky, whitish and very distinct at first, persistent on the stipe and even sometimes on the margin of the pileus, turning brown from the spores. Stipe 1.5–3 cm long, 3–6 mm wide, cylindrical, sometimes irregular or curved, fibrillose, finely striate, solid at first, often hollow at the end, pale yellow or whitish, white at apex. Lamellae adnate, slightly decurrent with tooth, rather crowded, thin, not ventricose, pale ochre at first, then ochre with much paler edge, which turns purple in aged specimens. Context firm, hygrophanous, cream-coloured, without odour, with sweet taste, reminiscent of that of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus spp). Spores ovoid, with poorly marked and not median ventral depression, with distinct apiculus, little coloured (pale ochre when seen isolated, reddish ochre in mass), without germ pore, 10–12.5 × 6–7.5 μm, appearing smooth but finely punctate under immersion. Basidia cylindrical-claviform, about 30 × 7–9 μm, with long and curved sterigmata. No true cystidia, not even with prominent cystidiform hairs in bundles like in many Inocybe, but with marginal hairs along the edge of the lamellae, about 30 μm long and 11–12 μm wide, swollen and sometimes strangled above. Subhymenium cellular. Trama made up of large, cylindrical cells, about 50 × 10–12 μm. This remarkable species, strictly arenicolous, appears every spring, from the end of April to the end of May, on the still moist sands in the basins of the dunes of Bivelle, Vasteville, Héauville, near Cherbourg where it is rare and very localized.

Commentary: With the persistent presence of a cortina and the lageniform or ventricose cheilocystidia, this taxon clearly belongs in H. section Hebeloma. Within this section, with primarily indextrinoid or indistinctly (but clearly) dextrinoid ellipsoid spores, although some may be amygdaloid or ovoid, and spores greater than 10 μm long and 6 μm wide and growing with Salicaceae, this species can only be confused with H. psammophilum and H. marginatulum. The former taxon only occurs in dunes and has a much more robust stature than H. dunense, as well as more full length lamellae (L greater than 50). Hebeloma marginatulum only occurs in alpine and arctic habitats and in this habitat separating this taxon from H. dunense, using morphological characters, can be problematic. The best way to separate these taxa morphologically is using the fact that the spores of H. marginatulum are very indistinctly ornamented, the ornamentation being difficult to see even at high magnification, and the spores also appear completely indextrinoid, whereas H. dunense spores always have some clear ornamentation at high magnification and while indistinctly dextrinoid, usually show some reaction. It also appears from our studies under the light microscope that the spores of H. dunense are more yellow, while those of H. marginatulum have a greyish tinge. Interestingly, Besson & Bruchet (1972) appear to have found a marked difference between the spores of these two taxa. Although their findings with regard to the ornamentation and dextrinoidity are not totally in-line with our findings, we note below their remarks: “Deux autres espèces s’écartent par contre beaucoup plus nettement de ce groupe: ce sont H. marginatulum et surtout H. collariatum [H. dunense]. Ces deux champignons possèdes des spores ovoïdes-amygdalaires, a paroi assez épaisse, ferme et réfringente, soit tout au plus ruguleuse, a ornementation toujours assez saillante, ce qui est assez exceptionnel chez ce type de spores (H. collariatum). Par rapport aux spores des espèces du premier groupe, celles-ci présentent un gonflement membranaire constant dans l’acide acétique, bien qu’il puisse être extrêmement faible et difficile à déceler (H. marginatulum), et une réaction avec l’iode un peu plus marquée. D’autre part, chez H. collariatum, comme chez la plupart des espèces du deuxième groupe, le traitement potassique a chaud, qui décolore les spores et entraine la disparition des couches III, IV et V, ne détruit jamais complètement la couche II qui peut être alors révélée par gonflement”. It is only recently that we became aware that H. dunense also occurs in arctic and alpine areas and we suspect that previously many collections of this taxon from those habitats have been recorded as H. marginatulum. There are some marked differences between collections of H. dunense in arctic and alpine habitats from those in dunes and other more lowland habitats (including slag-heaps). The arctic and alpine collections tend to be less slender with shorter stipe, presumably as a result of the conditions they must endure in that habitat. It may be that we should be differentiating more than one species here, but this will need further research, and further evidence of speciation, before a reliable decision can be made. This taxon has been described as novel numerous times, as: H. collariatum, H. aprile, H. psammicola, H. claviceps f. nigrescens, H. xerophilum, H. remyi. In the case of H. remyi this is H. remyi Bruchet ex Quadr. Quadraccia chose to try and legitimise Bruchet’s H. remyi, which he believed was invalid, but unfortunately chose material for the type which was a different species from that intended by Bruchet. Bruchet, when describing H. collariatum, emphasised the presence of a strongly developed veil forming a persistent collar zone on the stipe as being characteristic for this species. This character is, however, very variable and in some collections the veil was not easily observable even on very young specimens. In the case of a collection with no visible sign of a cortina, it is the presence of a fibrillose stipe that usually indicates that a cortina had been present. This has been studied morphologically and molecularly. The lectotype is: = H. velatum.

Types: FRANCE: Manche, Dunes de Vasteville (approx. 49.5953°N, 1.7719°W, alt. approx. 5 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in dune under Salix repens, 22 May 1926, R. Corbiere (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. CHE020422, HJB13012). Lectotype designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 125 (MBT202544).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma dunense L. Corb. & R. Heim (1929)

Commentary: See Hebeloma dunense L. Corb. & R. Heim.

Diagnosis: Pileus convex to plane, solitary or somewhat gregarious, 3-4 cm. broad; surface slightly viscid, smooth, glabrous, rosy-isabelline, somewhat darker on the disk, margin pallid, not striate, silky; context thin, whitish, with mild taste and pleasant odor; lamellae deeply sinuate, subcrowded, rather broad, pallid to subfulvous; spores ovoid, obliquely apiculate at the base, very pale melleous under the microscope, smooth, 9-10 X 6 μ; stipe equal, glabrous, shining, minutely floccose above, white, solid, 3-4 cm. long, 3-5 mm. thick.

Commentary: With the mainly clavate-ventricose cheilocystidia, over 40 µm long, and the spores amygdaloid and not strongly dextrinoid this belongs to Hebeloma subsect. Clepsydroida within H. sect. Denudata. Within this section of the genus, the spores, on ave. less than 13.5 x 7 µm, with a very strong papilla, almost snout-like, would indicate that this is most likely Hebeloma sordidulum. An ITS sequence, generated from the holotype, supports this determination (Fig 4 of Eberhardt et al. 2022). Hence this taxon should be synonymized with H. sordidulum as suggested in Eberhardt et al. (2022). So, based on morphological and molecular analysis, this is: = Hebeloma sordidulum Sacc.

Types: MOROCCO: Azrou (33.4167°N, 5.2167°W, alt. approx. 1500 m a.s.l.) under Cedrus libanotica ssp.atlantica, 8 Nov. 1941, G. Malençon (1122) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. MPU GM-1122, HJB1000095).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma eburneum Malençon (1970)

Commentary: See Hebeloma eburneum Malençon.

Basionym: Flammula edulis Peck (1897)

Types: UNITED STATES: New Jersey: Haddonfield, Camden County (approx. 39.8915°N, 75.0377°W, alt. approx. 25 m a.s.l.) on grassy soil in urban roadside, Oct. 1896, C. McIlvaine, det: C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-1056, HJB1000577).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, convex, obtuse, glabrous, moist, brown, grayish-brown or alutaceous-brown, sometimes rimose, flesh whitish; lamellae rather broad, close, decurrent, bright tan color, becoming brownish-ferruginous; stems caespitose, equal, stuffed or hollow, brown; spores subelliptical, .0005 in. long, .0002-.00025 broad. Pileus 2-3 in. broad; stem 2-3 in. long, 3-6 lines thick. Grassy ground, along pavements, in gutters and by the side of wooden frames of hotbeds. Haddonfield, New Jersey. October. C. McIlvaine. The collector of this species informs me that the flavor of the fresh plant is slightly bitter, but that this disappears in cooking and the fungus furnishes a very good and tender article of food. Successive crops continued to appear for a month. In the dried specimens the stem is striate.

Commentary: This taxon was originally described as Flammula edulis in Peck (1897), recombined into Gymnopilus by Murrill (1917) and then recombined into Hebeloma by Kauffman (1926). The type collection was not examined as part of this study.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma edule (Peck) Kauffman (1926)

Types: UNITED STATES: New Jersey: Haddonfield, Camden County (approx. 39.8915°N, 75.0377°W, alt. approx. 25 m a.s.l.) on grassy soil in urban roadside, Oct. 1896, C. McIlvaine, det: C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-1056, HJB1000577).

Commentary: See Hebeloma edule (Peck) Kauffman.

Types: France, Somme, near Bouillancourt-en-Sery, under Pinus, M. Bon (Holotype LIP MB no. 71108 but we have been unable to locate the holotype in LIP).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma edurum Métrod ex Bon (1985)

Commentary: See Hebeloma edurum Métrod ex Bon.

Types: France, Somme, near Bouillancourt-en-Sery, under Pinus, M. Bon (Holotype LIP MB no. 71108 but we have been unable to locate the holotype in LIP).

Homotypic synonyms: Hebeloma edurum Métrod (1946); Hebelomatis edurum Locq. [ as "(Métrod) Locq."] (1979) ["1977"]

Original diagnosis: Pileus 5-10(-12) cm, convexo-carnosus, cuticula viscosa dein nitenti, coloribus ochraceis vel sordide cremeo-argillaceis; margine involuta, +/- pubescenti vel crenulata, pallidiore. Lamellae ventricosae, emarginatae, argilaceae, acie fimbriata. Stipes 5-12(-15) x 0,5-1,5 (2) cm, subaequalis vel clavatus, albidus vel cremeo-ochraceus, sursum floccosus, deorsum laevis sed brunnescens vel de tactu brunnescens. Cortina nulla. Caro pallida, in stipites sordide brunnescens, odore debili dein pirum vel cacao revocante, sapore dulci vel amarescenti. Spores amygdaliformes 9-11(-12) x 5-6(-6,5) μm, verrucosae-punctulatae. Cheilocystidia subcylindracea vel leviter clavata 30-50 x 4-6(-8) μm. Suprapellis hyphis gracilibus x 2-4(-5) μm, gelatinosis (ixocutis); mediopellis hyphis crassioribus x 8-10(-15) μm, +/- pigmentatis; subpellis pseudoparenchymatica, hyphis latioribus vel polygonalibus usque x 25(-35) μm. Caulocystidia pilis +/- clavatis, cheilocystidia revocantes. Sub coniferis lectus, praecipue in Pinetis, in sylvis frondosis rarior.

English translation: Pileus 5–10(–12) cm, convex, fleshy, viscid then shiny, ochre to sordid cream-coloured brown with involute, paler brown, pubescent or crenulate margin. Lamellae ventricose, emarginate, pale brown, with fimbriate edge. Stipe 5–12(–15) × 0.5–1.5(–2) cm, subequal to clavate, white or creamy-ochraceous, floccose at apex, smooth below, but turning brown, also after handling. Cortina absent. Context pale, changing to sordid brown in stipe, odour weak, then like pears or reminiscent of cocoa, taste mild or slightly bitter. Spores amygdaloid 9–11(–12) × 5–6(–6.5) μm, verrucose-punctate. Cheilocystidia subcylindrical to slightly clavate 30–50 × 4–6(–8) μm. Suprapellis of slender, gelatinized hyphae, 2–4 (5) μm wide (ixocutis); mediopellis of wider, × 8–10(–15) μm, more or less pigmented hyphae; subpellis pseudoparenchymatic made up of broad, polyangular hyphal elements, × 25(–35) μm. Caulocystidia in form of more or less clavate hairs, reminiscent of cheilocystidia. Collected under conifers, especially in pine woodlands, much rarer in deciduous forest.

Commentary: Unfortunately, we have been unable to locate the type material. However, based on the description, we have no doubt that this taxon is: = Hebeloma laterinum (Batsch) Vesterh.

Types: France, Somme, near Bouillancourt-en-Sery, under Pinus, M. Bon (Holotype LIP MB no. 71108 but we have been unable to locate the holotype in LIP).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma edurum Métrod ex Bon (1985)

Commentary: See Hebeloma edurum Métrod ex Bon.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 93 (1789) pl. 32, figs.188a-b, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Studies on the genus Hebeloma. Bresadola's conception of Hebeloma elatum (Batsch:Fr) Gillet: (2000) page 234

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma elatum (Batsch) Gillet [as "elatus"] (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma elatum (Batsch) Gillet.

Basionym: Roumeguerites elatellus P. Karst. (1883)

Types: FINLAND: Fennia, Tavastia australis, Tammela, Syrjä (Mustiala W), 16 Sep. 1881, P.A. Karsten (2891) (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. H 6026013, HJB1000249). Lectotype designated by Vesterholt, Nord. J. Bot. 9 (3): (1989) page 317.

Original diagnosis: Glaberrimus. Pileus carnosulus, hemisphericus, laevissimus, fuscescente pallidus, interdum guttatomaculatus, siccus lividolutescens, circiter 3 cm. latus. Stipes elatus, aequalis, base liviter incrassatus, subundulatus, substrictus, nudus, albidus vel albus, circiter 14 cm. altus et 4 mm crassus. Annulus infernus, membranaceus, integer, persistens, fuscescente palleus. Lamellae adnatae, dente decurrentes, admodum confertae, argillaceopallidae, lineares. Sporae ellipsoideae, flavidae (sub. Micr.), longit. 8 mmm, crassit 4-5 mmm. Odor nullis.

English translation: Very glabrous. Pileus thin-fleshed, hemispherical, very smooth, pale brownish, sometimes spotted with guttulae, liver-yellow when dry, about 3 cm. broad. Stipe slender, equal, slightly enlarged at base, subundulate, tight, naked, whitish or white, about 14 cm. long and 4 mm wide. Annulus below, membranaceous, entire, persistent, pallid sordid brown. Lamellae adnate, with decurrent tooth, very crowded, pale clay-coloured, linear. Spores ellipsoid, yellowish under microscope, 8 × 4–5 μm. Odour none.

Commentary: We have studied the lectotype and agree with Vesterholt (1989) that this is an Agrocybe, hence: = Agrocybe elatella (P. Karst.) Vesterh.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma elatellum (P. Karst.) Sacc. (1887)

Types: FINLAND: Fennia, Tavastia australis, Tammela, Syrjä (Mustiala W), 16 Sep. 1881, P.A. Karsten (2891) (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. H 6026013, HJB1000249). Lectotype designated by Vesterholt, Nord. J. Bot. 9 (3): (1989) page 317.

Commentary: See Hebeloma elatellum (P. Karst.) Sacc.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 527 (1789) pl. 32, figs.188a-b, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Studies on the genus Hebeloma. Bresadola's conception of Hebeloma elatum (Batsch:Fr) Gillet: (2000) page 234

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis elatum (Batsch) Locq. (1979) [“1977”]; Hylophila elata (Batsch) Quél. (1888).; Hylophila sinapizans var. elata (Batsch) Quél. (1886); Derminus elatus (Batsch) Henn. (1898)

Original diagnosis: Stipite torto sericeo-fibroso, albo, valde elongato; pileo angusto, ochraceo-carneo, tenerior lamellis ferrugineo-fulvellis. Fungus elongatione ad clypeatos accedit, stipe tamen validus, et pileus, licet reliquis tenerior tamen fartus. Habitus totius tortus, irregularis. Pileus albus, ochraceo-carneus, inaequalis, margine sursum reflexus, superficie alutaceus, stipiti quidem politus, tamen leniter cum eo confluens, a stipites versus marginem crassitie aequalites decrescens. Stipes pileo validior et longior, niveus, sericeo-fibrosus, plus vel minus flexuosus et tortus, aequali crassitie procedens, basi rotundata vix obsolete bulbosus. Laminae obscuriores reliquo fungo, sed ipsae pallidae, ferrugineo-fulvellae, oblongae, fere lanceolatae, inferne leviter convexae, versus pilei marginem angustae, pone obtusatae, exceptis majoribus, quae appendice angusto in supera stipites parte decurrent. Margo lamellarum albido-pruinatus. Ordine quadruplici alternant. Substantia plerumque larvis exesa, solida, in stipites interne fasciculatum fibrosa, pallide ochracea. Legi fungos hujus speciei aliquot, sine Sept. 1788 in pineto ad introitum orientelem Sylvulae Forst.

English translation: Stipe twisted, sericeous-fibrous, white, rather long; pileus narrow, ochre-incarnate, lamellae thin, rusty brown. This slender fungus appears to belong to the ones called Clypeati [“shield bearers” a Batschian generic name], but the stipe is tough and the pileus is fleshy, despite appearing thin. The habit is entirely irregular and twisted. Pileus white to ochre-incarnate, unequal, with uplifted margin and leathery surface; it becomes thinner from the stipe to the margin, and is confluent with it [the stipe]. The stipe is much stouter than the pileus and elongate, white and silky shiny, more or less flexuous and twisted, equal with rounded or hardly broadened base. The lamellae are darker than the rest of the fungus, otherwise pale rusty or reddish brown, oblong, about lanceolate, at underside convex, narrowing towards margin of pileus, bluntly attached to the stipe, apart from the largest ones, which are decurrent with small tooth. The edge of the lamellae is white pruinose. There are four different categories of lamellae and lamellulae. The context is usually riddled by larvae, solid, in inner part of stipe made up of fibrous fascicles, pallid ochre. I found some examples of this species at the end of September 1788 in the pine groves near the eastern entrance to the Forst forest.

Commentary: This taxon is most likely a Hebeloma, but it is impossible to say whether it is a species of Hebeloma sect. Velutipes or of H. sect. Denudata, or even of H. sect. Scabrispora, with any certainty. We suspect it is most likely to be from H. sect. Velutipes and certainly we have seen collections of both H. leucosarx and H. velutipes from Pinus forests which in many aspects correspond to plate 188, although they normally have the base of the stipe more swollen. We cannot give an unambiguous determination for this taxon.

Basionym: Agaricus elatus Batsch (1789)

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 146 (1789) pl. 32, figs.188a-b, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Studies on the genus Hebeloma. Bresadola's conception of Hebeloma elatum (Batsch:Fr) Gillet: (2000) page 234

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma elatum (Batsch) Gillet [as "elatus"] (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma elatum (Batsch) Gillet.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 11 (1789) pl. 32, figs.188a-b, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Studies on the genus Hebeloma. Bresadola's conception of Hebeloma elatum (Batsch:Fr) Gillet: (2000) page 234

Commentary: See Hebeloma elatum (Batsch) Gillet.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 243 (1789) pl. 32, figs.188a-b, lectotype (icon) designated by Grilli, Studies on the genus Hebeloma. Bresadola's conception of Hebeloma elatum (Batsch:Fr) Gillet: (2000) page 234

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma elatum (Batsch) Gillet [as "elatus"] (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma elatum (Batsch) Gillet.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2.5-4 cm latus, hygrophanus, siccitate melleus demum hinnuleus, madefactus isabellinus disco obscurior. Contextus albus; odor et gustus blandus. Lamellae emarginatae et uncinatae, albae deinde bubalinobrunneus, stipatae, medio-latae. Stipes 2.5-5 cm longus, 4-6(-10) mm crassus, colore fusco-subviridi tinctus, apice farinaceus, infra fibrillosus, siccus. Velum textile, evanescens, annulum perparvum fugacem relinquens. Sporae (7-)8-10.5 x 5-6 μm, ellipsoideae demum subovoideae, obscure rugulosae. Pleurocystidia desunt; cheilocystidia 30-48(-60) x 5-9 μm, subventricosa vel cylindrico-capitata. Pilei trama radiale. Hypodermium cellulare. (Figs. 3A-B.)

English translation: Pileus 2.5-4 cm broad, hygrophanous, when dried honey-coloured then fawn-coloured, when moist isabelline (greyish-yellow) darker on the disc. Context white; smell and taste mild. Lamellae emarginate and uncinate, white finally buff-brown, crowded, medium broad. Stipe 2.5-5 cm long, 4-6 (-10) mm thick, tinged dark greenish, pulverulent at the apex, fibrillose below, dry. Veil intertwined, vanishing, leaving a very small fugacious annulus. Spores (7-) 8-10.5 x 5-6 μm, ellipsoid finally almost ovoid, indistinctly roughened. Pleurocystidia none ; cheilocystidia 30-48 (-60) x 5-9 μm, subventricose or cylindrical-capitate. Pileus trama radial. Hypoderm cellular (Figs. 3A-B.)

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc.

Types: NETHERLANDS: Island of Voorne, Rockanj "Quackjeswater", Zuid-Holland (approx. 51.87°N, 4.0651°E, alt. approx. 0 m a.s.l.) on boggy, sandy soil in coastal dune under Betula sp. and Salix sp., 12 Jul. 1972, H.S.C. Huijsman (H72-80) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. L0053546, HJB1000246).

Commentary: See Hebeloma erebium (Huijsman) Beker & U. Eberh.

Types: NETHERLANDS: Island of Voorne, Rockanj "Quackjeswater", Zuid-Holland (approx. 51.87°N, 4.0651°E, alt. approx. 0 m a.s.l.) on boggy, sandy soil in coastal dune under Betula sp. and Salix sp., 12 Jul. 1972, H.S.C. Huijsman (H72-80) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. L0053546, HJB1000246).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma erebium (Huijsman) Beker & U. Eberh. (2015) ["2016"]

Commentary: See Hebeloma erebium (Huijsman) Beker & U. Eberh.

Types: ITALY: Sardinia, Pixina Nuxedda, Maracalagonis,Cagliari (approx. 39.28°N, 9.23°E, alt. approx. 10 m a.s.l.) on acidic, bare soil in Mediterranean maquis under Cistus monspeliensis and Cistus salviifolius, 6 Jan. 1988, M. Contu, L. Contu, S. Scoles, det: M. Conttu (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. CAG 880106/17, HJB1000079).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma erumpens Contu (1993)

Commentary: see Hebeloma erumpens Contu.

Types: UNITED STATES: Ohio: Columbus (approx. 39.9612°N, 82.9988°W, alt. approx. 230 m a.s.l.), 1846, J. Robinson (206), det: W.S. Sullivant (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. no reference number, HJB1000544; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039665, HJB1000351).

Commentary: See Hebeloma erysibodes (Mont.) Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: Ohio: Columbus (approx. 39.9612°N, 82.9988°W, alt. approx. 230 m a.s.l.), 1846, J. Robinson (206), det: W.S. Sullivant (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. no reference number, HJB1000544; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039665, HJB1000351).

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnoso convexo obtuse vel obsolete umbonato expanso, disco squamoso, margine inflexo striatulo; stipite basi incrassato solido apice spongioso-farcto, sicco striato glabro; lamellis tridymis confertis latissimis triquetris seu postice truncatis uncinato-adnexis subdecurrentibus tabacinis; sporis ovoideis ferrugineis.

English translation: Pileus fleshy convex obtuse or indistinctly umbonate expanded, squamose on the disc, margin inflexed slightly striate; stipe enlarged at base solid spongy-stuffed at the apex dry striate glabrous; lamellae tridynamous (threesome) crowded very broad triquetrous (three-sided, triangular) or at the attachment truncate uncinate-adnexed (emarginate) subdecurrent tobacco brown; spores ovoid rust-coloured.

Commentary: Murrill (1924) concluded: “When examining the type of this species at Paris some years ago, I made a record that the specimens were well preserved and very much resembled one of our common wood-loving species of Gymnopilus.” Our morphological study plus our study of the protologue and icon confirms this to be a species of Gymnopilus. The latin diagnosis utilises the term Tridynamous (threesome) meaning In groups of three. This should probably be interpreted as that between two entire lamellae there are three lamellulae the one in the middle longer than the two on the sides. No attempt was made to generate a DNA sequence

Original diagnosis: Pileus (1.5) 2-4 (10) cm latus, obtusus demum convexus vel late umbonatus, viscidus, ad marginem leviter fibrillosus, pallide ochraceus demum argillaceus; odor et gustus raphaninus. Lamellae confertae, adnatae, pallide ochraceae, serrulatae. Stipes 3-8.5 cm longus, 4-8 mm crassus, deorsum attenuatus vel radicatus, brunnescens. Velum copiosum, albofibrillosum. Sporae in cumulis "Vinaceous-Cinnamon," (7.5) 8.5-11.5 x 5.5-6 μm, ovoideae vel ellipsoideae, leves, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia 34-49 x 5-9 μm, fusoid-ventricosa, chrysocystidiis similis. Fibulae adsunt.

English translation: Pileus (1.5) 2-4 (10) cm broad, obtuse, later convex or broadly umbonate, viscid, slightly fibrillose on the margin, pale ochraceous, then argillaceous; smell and taste raphanoid. Lamellae crowded, adnate, pale ochraceous, serrulate. Stipe 3-8.5 cm long, 4-8 mm thick, attenuate or rooting at base, discolouring brown. Veil abundant, white, fibrillose. Spores “Vinaceous-Cinnamon” in mass, (7.5) 8.5-11.5 x 5.5-6 μm, ovoid or ellipsoid, smooth, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 34-49 x 5-9 μm, fusoid-ventricose, similar to chrysocystidia. Clamps present.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Bavaria.

Original diagnosis: Spst. braungelb; Sp. 10,11: 5, 7; L. weisslich, isabellfarben, g. angewachsen, etwas ausgerandet; St. aussen u. innen ob. weisslich, nach unt. schwarzbraun; ohne Geruch; Herbst, Wald. Dem A. claviceps v.

English translation: Spore print brown-yellow. Spores 10–11 × 5–7 μm. Lamellae whitish, Isabella-coloured, adnate, somewhat emarginate; stipe inner and outside white, towards base blackish brown; without odour. Autumn, forest. Related to Agaricus claviceps.

Commentary: The protologue refers to two plates, nos. 51 and 375, which most likely represent two different species: one without a darker pileus centre and with a cylindrical stipe (pl. 51); the other with a darker pileus centre and a clavate stipe (pl. 375). Neither one of these is in better agreement with the protologue than the other. The spores appear ellipsoid in both plates and the given spore size 10–12 × 5–7 µm may refer to either of the two. There are several Hebeloma species with a darkening lower part of the stipe and while one may be tempted to consider Hebeloma subtortum, the spore size given is too large for this taxon. We cannot, unambiguously, apply any name.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Bavaria.

Commentary: See Hebeloma exalbidum (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: F. 431; wie die Stammform, jedoch mit etwas Rettichgeruch; Mai, Waldränder und lichte Wälder.

English translation: Fig. 431; like the typical form, but with slight raphanoid odour. May, edge of forest or open woodland.

Commentary: Judging from the protologue and figure 431, where the cortina is clearly visible, this represents: = Hebeloma subtortum P. Karst.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Saratoga, Saratoga county (approx. 43.0831°N, 73.7846°W, alt. approx. 100 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in woodland under Pinus sp., Oct. 1870, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001123, HJB1000268; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039668, HJB1000352).

Commentary: See Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Saratoga, Saratoga county (approx. 43.0831°N, 73.7846°W, alt. approx. 100 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in woodland under Pinus sp., Oct. 1870, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001123, HJB1000268).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc. (1887)

Commentary: See Hebeloma excedens (Peck) Sacc.

Diagnosis: Pileus convex to expanded or slightly depressed, broadly umbonate, gregarious to subcespitose, 3-5 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, viscid, isabelline to fulvous, usually darker on the umbo, margin entire, pallid; context thick at the center, very thin at the margin, white, the taste becoming somewhat bitterish; lamellae sinuate, crowded, extremely narrow, isabelline to fulvous, whitish-pruinose on the edges; spores ovoid, smooth, melleous under the microscope, obliquely apiculate at the base, 8-9 X 6 μ; stipe subequal, usually abruptly enlarged at the base, white or pale-yellowish, fibrillose, solid, white within, 5 cm. long, about 8 mm. thick.

Commentary: With the bulbous base to the stipe, the mainly gently clavate cheilocystidia, on average greater than 40 µm long, and the rather strongly dextrinoid spores this belongs to Hebeloma sect. Velutipes. The absence of pleurocystidia and the spores on ave. at most 11.5 × 7.3 µm and with strongly loosening perispore would suggest that this taxon is conspecific with Hebeloma albidulum. An ITS sequence generated from the holotype supports this determination (Fig. 1 of Eberhardt et al. 2022). Hence this taxon should be synonymized with H. albidulum as already suggested by Eberhardt et al. (2022). So, based on both molecular and morphological analysis, this is: = Hebeloma albidulum Peck.

Original diagnosis: Abb. 4 in „Hedwigia“, Bd. LXX (1930). — Hut 5—6 cm breit, anfangs halbkugelig, bald aber flach ausgebreitet, klebrig, fahlbräunlich, ins Semmelfarbene, Mitte kaum dunkler, Rand geschweift. — Stiel kurz, 2—3 cm, ziemlich dick (bis 0.8 cm), oben stark verdickt, sehr blaßbräunlich, seidig überkleidet, unten meist etwas verjüngt, innen voll. — Lamellen erdbraun-schmutzig, angeheftet. — Fleisch weiß, schließlich blaß, fast geruchlos. Sporen eiförmig glatt, 9—12/4—6 µ — Der Pilz steht zwischen Hebeloma und Inocybe. Mir ersterer teilt er die ganze Tracht, den klebrigen (sonst nackten) Hut, den oberwärts stark verdickten Stiel und die seidige Stielbekleidung, mit letzterer die Sporenform (eiförmig, glatt), ähnlich I. geophila. Am nächsten steht er H. fastibile.

English translation: Google translation: Fig. 4 in "Hedwigia", vol. LXX (1930). - Pileus 5–6 cm wide, initially hemispherical, but soon spread out flat, sticky, pale brownish, into the bread-color, the middle hardly darker, the edge curved. - Stipe short, 2–3 cm, quite thick (up to 0.8 cm), strongly thickened at the top, very pale brown, covered with a silky coat, mostly somewhat tapered at the bottom, full inside. - Lamellae earth-brown dirty, pinned on. - Flesh white, finally pale, almost odorless. Spores ovate smooth, 9-12 / 4-6 µ - The fungus stands between Hebeloma and Inocybe. With the former it shares the whole costume, the sticky (otherwise bare) pileus, the stipe, which is heavily thickened at the top, and the silky stipe clothing, with the latter the spore shape (egg-shaped, smooth), similar to I. geophila. The closest he is to H. fastibile.

Commentary: After much searching over many years the holotype was eventually located. As had been suspected, with the small ellipsoid to ovate spores and the cylindrical to ventricose cheilocystidia this is: = Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.

Types: UNITED STATES: California: Jasper Ridge, near Stanford University (approx. 37.4061°N, 122.2446°W, alt. approx. 150 m a.s.l.) under Quercus sp., 11 Jan. 1912, J.I.W. McMurphy (126), det: W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814866, HJB1000279; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039669, HJB1000354).

Diagnosis: Pileus large, thick, convex to nearly plane, not umbonate, 8-10 cm. broad; surface glabrous, viscid, cream-colored to light-buff, margin entire, incurved, pallid; context white, with farinaceous odor and taste; lamellae sinuate, rather narrow, plane or arcuate, crowded, yellowish to subfulvous, entire and concolorous on the edges; spores ovoid, finely punctate, melleous under the microscope, fulvous in mass, 10-12 X 7 μ; stipe enlarged below, thick, fleshy, solid, white within and without, smooth, decorated with the remains of the fibrillose, evanescent veil, 6-8 cm. long, 2-3 cm. thick.

Commentary: A herbarium note written by L.R. Hesler in 1972 appears to confirm what he wrote in his unpublished North American species of Hebeloma in 1977, that he believed this to be an unusual Hebeloma without cheilocystidia or clamp connections. Smith et al. (1983) also published a description of this species as a Hebeloma. A second herbarium note includes a rough sketch of the mushroom together with a rusty brown spore print. Our analysis revealed weakly ornamented, amygdaloid spores (10–12 × 6–7.5 µm) and the absence of cheilocystidia and clamp connections. The morphology suggests this is most likely a Cortinarius s.l. species, which is confirmed by an ITS sequence which was generated from the holotype. This sequence suggests that P. farinaceum has a younger synonym, P. albofragrans, originally described from the US in Cortinarius (Moser and Ammirati 1997). The type sequence of P. albofragrans was published in the context of a type study (Liimatainen et al. 2014). The ITS fragment of the two types and three additional sequences from the US (KJ421165, KJ421166, Garnica et al. 2016; and MW488236, S.D. Adams 17 Jan 2021, unpublished) are identical; a Mexican sequence published under the name P. albofragrans (KT827316, H.R. Lopez 25 Sep 2015, unpublished), has issues, whether or not the identification is correct is indeterminable from the data. The corresponding UNITE species hypotheses (3%) is SH1141595.08FU. All sequences included are from the US. The most similar ITS sequences to the type sequences to P. farinaceum are at less than 92% similar, and were referred to P. pseudonaevosus, and P. patrickense by Liimatainen et al. (2014) (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi, consulted 3 Jun 2022). The only phylogenetic study including P. albofragrans was published by Soop et al. (2019) who failed to resolve its infrageneric position (at the time the subgeneric position in C. subg. Phlegmacium), see Soop et al. (2019), Fig. 2 (continued); the depicted sister species relationship with P. serarium (as C. serarius) was unsupported. Based on BLAST results, including or excluding LSU data published for P. albofragrans, we have not been able to determine any supported phylogenetic relationship with any published sequence, thus we refer the reader to Soop et al. (2019). Soop et al. (2019) included the two species with the most similar ITS to P. farinaceum to the C. Sect. Phlegmacioides clade (P. pseuonaevosum) and the C. sect. Arguti clade (P. patrickense), presumably corresponding to P. sect. Phlegmacoidea and P. sect. Arguti of Liimatainen et al. (2022). Phlegmacium patrickense and P. pseudonaevosum are phylogenetically not closely related to each other. As these larger phylogenetic analyses could not resolve the phylogenetic or taxonomic position of P. albofragrans and thus P. farinaceum, we refrained from including an analysis here. The synonymy of P. albofragrans with P. farinaceum is, apart from ITS, also supported by the spore characters; both type collections stem from California and were collected under oak. The original description of P. albofragrans mentions that the smell is like that of C. percomis (P. percome; Soop et al. 2019 recognize the separate clade C. sect. Percomes in their phylogenetic reconstruction; P. sect. Percomia in the classification by Liimatainen et al. 2022). However, Moser and Ammirati (1997) also add “Odor … also of some flours”., fitting with the epithet selected by Murrill. We thus list P. albofragrans as synonym of P. farinaceum. It should be noted that P. farinaceum is nomenclaturally and taxonomically not the same as C. farinaceus (Murrill) Kauffman, originally described in Gymnopilus and now with the replacement name Agrocye dennisii Watling (Murrill 1915; Kauffman 1926; Watling 1977).

Basionym: Agaricus fastibilis Pers. (1801): Fr. (1821)

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 80 (1789) Pl. 33, Fig. 195, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 191

Herb. Persoon L 910.258-593 (Database Record 1000014) was proposed as lectotype by Singer (1961), but it is not verifiable as original material so is not a candidate for lectotypification.

Homotypic synonyms: Roumeguerites fastibilis (Pers.) P. Karst. (1882) ["1883"]; Inocybe fastibilis (Pers.) P. Karst. (1879); Hylophila fastibilis (Pers.) Quél. (1886); Picromyces fastibilis (Pers.) Earle (1909)

Original diagnosis: Caespitosus, pileo carnoso lateritio-rufo aut pallido opaco flexuoso, lamellis aquose cinnamomeis, stipites crasso fibrilloso albido. Agaricus lateritius Batsch El. Fung. fig. Hab. Frequens in sylvis tam abietinis quam fagineis. Obs. Quoad colorem, praesertim vero magnitudinem mire variat; cfr. Bulliard, herb. T. 546. Omnes varietates vero sapore ingrate, nauseoso et stipites albo fibrillose floccoso congruunt.

English translation: Tufted, with a fleshy dark brick red brown or pale, dull, flexuous pileus, with the lamellae watery pale brownish, with a thick, fibrous, whitish stipe. Agaricus lateritius, Batsch, El. Fung. Habitat common in both pine and beech forests. Obs. It varies remarkably in colour, and especially indeed in size; compare Bulliard, herb. T. 546. All varieties agree by the really unpleasant sickening odour and the white, fibrous, floccose stipe.

Commentary: Persoon clearly had a broad view of this taxon, comparing plates of H. laterinum and H. crustuliniforme. We have examined the Singer “lectotypes” of Agaricus fastibilis and A. mesophaeus and they are conspecifc. Problems have arisen, because H. fastibile was the type species of the generic name Hebeloma and yet had been variously interpreted by different authors ever since its original designation. As discussed in detail in two papers by Beker et al. (2013a, 2013b), a conservation of the generic name Hebeloma was proposed with Hebeloma mesophaeum as type species. It was also proposed that the name H. laterinum be conserved against the sanctioned name H. fastibile (Beker et al. 2013b). Kuyper and Vesterholt (1990) proposed the lectotypifcation of Agaricus fastibilis, the sanctioned basionym of Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm., with the plate of Agaricus laterinus Batsch. In the frst of two articles (Beker et al. 2013a), we proposed that H. mesophaeum replace H. fastibile as the type of the genus in order to preserve the generally accepted sectional names within Hebeloma. This was needed, because a problem arises as the name H. laterinum has been treated as applying to a species of H. sect. Scabrispora, and not of H. sect. Hebeloma, typifed by H. fastibile. Hebeloma sect. Hebeloma, to which H. mesophaeum also belongs, is well-established as the name of the section, containing species with a clearly present cortina, a woolly universal veil, the stipe never rooting, a raphanoid smell, spores ellipsoid or amygdaloid, indextrinoid or dextrinoid, and lageniform or ventricose cheilocystidia. In contrast, H. sect. Scabrispora (albeit previously as a subsection) is well-established for species with a universal veil conspicuous or only visible in primordial stages, stipe ofen clearly rooting, smell rarely raphanoid, spores amygdaloid to inequilateral or cylindrical, dextrinoid, sometimes strongly, and cheilocystidia cylindrical to irregular, mostly short. Application of Art. 22.1 would therefore mean that H. sect. Scabrispora would have to be re-named H. sect. Hebeloma, and a new name coined for the former H. sect. Hebeloma. The interpretation of Hebeloma fastibile has caused much confusion. Persoon (1801) placed A. fastibilis under Agaricus sect. Gymnopus Pers., which indicates that he originally considered it to be a non-veiled species, or at least closely related to species exhibiting a nearly naked stipe. Even then Persoon’s concept was very broad and he listed a number of infraspecifc taxa of varying size and colour. His concept could well include nearly any non-veiled or lightly veiled Hebeloma species. Persoon listed “Agaricus lateritius [sic]”, i.e., Agaricus laterinus Batsch, as a synonym via reference to Batsch’s plate XXXIII, fg. 195 and he also considered Agaricus crustuliniformis Bull. to be one of a number of varieties. Were it not for the sanctioned status accorded to Fries’s treatment in Systema Mycologicum, the name A. fastibilis would be a superfuous later name and so, under Art. 52.1, illegitimate when published, and automatically typifed by the type of A. laterinus (Art. 7.5). Fries (1821) also had a broad concept of A. fastibilis in the sanctioning treatment, but he emphasized the presence of a marginal veil, rather than a nearly naked stipe. This was in contrast to Persoon’s protologue, and an alternative application of the name A. fastibilis could be considered for adoption under Art. 9.10, which permits the typifcation of sanctioned names by elements in the sanctioning protologue as an alternative to those in the protologue of the name-bringing epithet. We did not, however, follow that route as the application of the epithet has been a cause of confusion which we would not wish to exacerbate. Singer (1961) proposed as a “lectotype” for Agaricus fastibilis, L No. 910.258-593 in Persoon’s herbarium in Leiden. This undated collection bears the remark “A. fastibilis P. (cum cortina)” in Persoon’s handwriting. As it has a cortina, it is more likely that it represented Persoon’s later broad species concept, when he also included veiled morphs, and, therefore, does not represent original material. Descriptions of the collection were given both by Singer (1961) and Quadraccia (1987), who also presented photographs of marginal cystidia and spores. Two of us have also studied L 910.258-593, and concluded that it was conspecifc with H. mesophaeum as understood by recent authors. We have also studied a second collection (L 910.258-591) also marked A. fastibilis by Persoon. That collection has been examined independently by two of us, and found to represent a different species, most likely H. lutense Romagn., and belonging to a third section of Hebeloma, sect. Denudata (Fr.) Sacc. Although, there have been other interpretations of H. fastibile, the most common use of the name has been in the sense of Lange (1938a), Kühner & Romagnesi (1953), Bruchet (1970) and Moser (1983). In this concept, H. fastibile is a fairly large, pale, cortinate Hebeloma species that ofen grows in fascicles. This interpretation is based on Fries’s revised concept of A. fastibilis (1838). Quadraccia (1987) discussed in detail the many different interpretations of this taxon that ranged across a variety of sections of Hebeloma. Quadraccia concluded by providing an extensive description of the taxon he called “Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.:Fr.) P. Kumm. s. str. Quad.” and which he synonymized with H. sordidum Maire. Hebeloma sordidum (synonymized in this monograph with H. subtortum) is, however, widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, but rather rare in Northern Europe, and hence unlikely to have been seen by Fries in Sweden. Kuyper and Vesterholt rejected Singer’s typifcation. They considered it problematic, first because it appeared to be in confict with Persoon’s original description of A. fastibilis (Art. 9.19 (b)), and second, the specimen could not be dated and was not verifiable as original material (Art. 9.12). Instead, they proposed Batsch’s figure 195 [Fig. 66.4 (colour)], which not only is original material, but is also cited in the sanctioning work, as lectotype of both A. laterinus and A. fastibilis. At that time, no attempt was made to make a more precise interpretation of the plate. Vesterholt (2004) reconsidered the typifcation of Agaricus fastibilis, and argued that Batsch’s figure 195 represented the species often known as H. edurum Métrod ex Bon and also as H. senescens Berk. & Broome, treated as a nom. nov. for Agaricus senescens Batsch (non Agaricus senescens Willd., Fl. Berol. Prodr.: 376 (1787)). Since the publication of Vesterholt’s treatment of the genus in 2005, this interpretation has been widely accepted, for example by Buczacki et al. (2012) and Knudsen & Vesterholt (2012), and in Species Fungorum (www.speciesfungorum.org) with H. laterinum accepted and H. senescens and H. edurum treated as synonyms. Despite the publication of the proposed lectotype for H. fastibile and the synonymy described above in 2004, to the best of our knowledge, not a single publication has used the name Hebeloma fastibile for this taxon. Consequently, now to adopt the name H. fastibile for this taxon would mean another change to the name of a well-known species in a relatively short time and while H. laterinum is gaining wide acceptance. That is especially so as the name H. fastibile has already been variously interpreted by different authors and this would add to unnecessary instability and doubt as to what was intended by that name. We consequently proposed that the name Hebeloma laterinum be conserved over H. fastibile. The proposal has now been accepted by the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi (May 2015) and was endorsement by the General Committee in Wilson (2017). Hence, this taxon is: = Hebeloma laterinum (Batsch) Vesterh.

Types: FRANCE: Somme, Le Crotoy (approx. 50.2167°N, 1.6258°E, alt. approx. 0 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in dune under Salix repens, 10 Nov. 1969, M. Bon (90832) (Holotype. held at herbarium LIP, HJB1000026).

Commentary: See Hebeloma psammophilum Bon.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden.

Original diagnosis: Var. alba stipites longiori aequali subcavo apice fibroso-squamuloso, lamellis distantibus plorantibus.

English translation: Var. alba with longer, equal, slightly hollow stipe with fibrous-squamulose apex, lamellae distinctly weeping.

Commentary: Agaricus fastibilis var. alba is described as having a long stipe and distant, weeping lamellae; it is not possible to reach a reliable interpretation of this taxon.

Diagnosis: Pileus purple brown.

Commentary: Massee describes this variety under A. fastibilis for which he refers to Cooke’s plate 406. We believe Cooke’s plate shows Hebeloma subtortum. The only separating character of Hebeloma fastible var. elegans should be ‘pileus purple brown’. It is not possible to decide whether this is H. mesophaeum or a different species.

Types: Type material not found. Described from Sweden: Kinnekulle, Österplana-Wall in July and August 1844.

Homotypic synonyms: Agaricus sulcatus Lindgr. (1845); Hebelomatis sulcatum Locq. [as “(Fr.)”] (1979) [“1977”]

Original diagnosis: Agaricus (Hebeloma) sulcatus, pileo carnoso convexo glabro viscoso primitus involute margineque sulcato, stipite solido nitido squamuloso deorsum incrassato apice farinaceo candido, lamellis crassis rigidis subdistantibus e candido argillaceis guttatis. In prato Österplana-Wall in Kinnekulle, Jul., Aug. 1844. Jove pluvio eximie viscosus. Junior totus extus intusque candidus margine involute e lamellae sulcato, demum obsolete flavo discoideus, disco submarginato. Stipes ima basi demum cavus. Lamellae parcius sed distincte guttatae. Odor Hebelomatum distincta. Cortina nulle. Ad Hebelom. B. Hymenocybe VI Denudati Fr. Epicr. locandus.

English translation: Agaricus (Hebeloma) sulcatus, pileus fleshy, convex, glabrous, viscid, with margin initially involute, sulcate; stipe solid, shiny, squamulose, broadened towards base, white with pruinose apex, lamellae thick, rigid, subdistant, white then clay-coloured guttulate. In the meadow Österplana-Wall in Kinnekulle, Jul., Aug. 1844. After rain exceptionally viscid. When young entirely externally and internally white with involute, sulcate margin, then slightly yellowish at centre, disk submarginate [meaning with weak umbo]. Stipe becoming hollow at base. Lamellae scarcely but distinctly guttulate. Odour distinctly hebelomatoid. Cortina absent. To be ranged in sect. Denudata Fr.

Commentary: In the protologue A. sulcatus is described with a sulcate pileus margin. To our knowledge no Hebeloma species is characterised by having a sulcate pileus margin, although the character may occur in several species. All other characters clearly indicate that A. sulcatus is a Hebeloma species of sect. Velutipes or sect. Denudata, probably the latter, but we are unable to say which species.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 326 (1789) Pl. 33, Fig. 195, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 191

Herb. Persoon L 910.258-593 (Database Record 1000014) was proposed as lectotype by Singer (1961), but it is not verifiable as original material so is not a candidate for lectotypification.

Commentary: See Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 59 (1789) Pl. 33, Fig. 195, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 191

Herb. Persoon L 910.258-593 (Database Record 1000014) was proposed as lectotype by Singer (1961), but it is not verifiable as original material so is not a candidate for lectotypification.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871) nom. rej.

Commentary: See Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 467 (1789) Pl. 33, Fig. 195, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 191

Herb. Persoon L 910.258-593 (Database Record 1000014) was proposed as lectotype by Singer (1961), but it is not verifiable as original material so is not a candidate for lectotypification.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871) nom. rej.

Commentary: See Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 98 (1789) Pl. 33, Fig. 195, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 191

Herb. Persoon L 910.258-593 (Database Record 1000014) was proposed as lectotype by Singer (1961), but it is not verifiable as original material so is not a candidate for lectotypification.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871) nom. rej.

Commentary: See Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 438 (1789) Pl. 33, Fig. 195, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 191

Herb. Persoon L 910.258-593 (Database Record 1000014) was proposed as lectotype by Singer (1961), but it is not verifiable as original material so is not a candidate for lectotypification.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm. (1871) nom. rej.

Commentary: See Hebeloma fastibile (Pers.) P. Kumm.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden.

Commentary: See Hebeloma fastibile var. alba (Fr.) Sacc.

Types: DENMARK: NEJ, Kirkemilen,Skagen Klitplantage UTM NJ 91,97 TBU 01 (approx. 57.71°N, 10.55°E, alt. approx. 5 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in coniferous woodland plantation under Pinus sylvestris and Salix repens, 26 Sep. 2003, A. Eriksen, J. Vesterholt (JV-03-547), det: J. Vesterholt (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. C JV-03-547, HJB10854). Epitype designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 1059.

FRANCE: in woodland under Pinus sp. and Quercus sp., , C.H. Persoon (Neotype. herbarium acc. no. L910.255-852, L L0115239, HJB1000296). Neotype designated by Singer, Persoonia 2 (1): (1961) page 33.

The neotype was designated as a “lectotype” by Singer (Persoonia 2: 33, 1961) but there are no indications as to the date of collection (or even location) and therefore it is not certain that it represents original material studied before the publication of the name. However Singer’s designation can be considered a neotypification under Art. 9.9. This material is in accordance with the protologue and as there are no other candidate original materials and no cited illustrations we accept this as a neotype.

Commentary: See Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.

Original diagnosis: Gruppenweise und rasenförmig auf Grasboden in Haselstrauch-Beständen. Alle Theile anfängs weiss, nur der Hutscheitel licht fleischfarb-bräunlich, welche Farbe sich spätter über der ganzen Hut ausbreiten, und auch von den Lamellen angenommen wird. Der erst fast halbkugeligen Hut mit erhobenen Scheitel breitet sich aus und erhält einen verflachten Schild in der Mitte. Er ist mässig-fleichig, an Rande sehr dünn, 1.5-2 unc. breit. bei nassem Wetter klebrig, anfangs – besonders am Rande – mit Fäserchen bekleidet, zuletzt völlig kahl. Lamellen nicht besonders dicht, breit angewachsen, fast entrandet mir einer Spitze herablaufend, 2-4 lin. breit. Strunk beinahe walzenförmig, 2-4 lin. dick, 1 bis etwas über 2 unc. lang, in den Hut übergehend, voll, nur sehr spat hohl, faseriger Substanz, seidenglänzend, and der Spitze mehlig-schuppig. Der in der Jugend gur sichtbare faserige Schleier ist ebenfalls Weiss. Spores verkehrt-eiförmig, 0.008 mm. lang, licht umber-rostbraun. Geruch und Geschmack unangenehm.

English translation: In groups in grassy spot in Corylus copses. White in all parts at first, only incarnate-brown at centre of pileus, which colour expands over the whole pileus with age, and also becomes the colour of the lamellae. The at first hemispherical pileus with elevated centre expands and becomes a flat umbo at the centre. It is moderately thick fleshed, very thin at margin, 4–5 cm broad, viscid in wet weather, in the beginning – especially at margin – covered with fibrils, finally completely bald. Lamellae not very crowded, broadly adnate, almost emarginate with a small decurrent tooth, 5–10 mm broad. Stipe almost cylindrical, 5–10 mm thick, 2.5 to more than 5 cm long, confluent with pileus, stuffed, only later becoming hollow, with a fibrous consistency, silky-shining, farinaceous-squamulose at apex. In its young stages the well developed veil is equally white. Spores obovoid, 8 μm long, light umber-brown. Odour and taste unpleasant.

Commentary: Judging from the original description (pale colours, presence of a cortina, spore length 8 µm, stipe width 5–10 mm), we consider Agaricus fastibilis β subumbonatus to be: = Hebeloma subtortum P. Karst.

Types: FRANCE: Landes, Aureilhan (approx. 43.24°N, 0.09°E, alt. approx. 310 m a.s.l.) on boggy, decomposed soil and litter in woodland ditch under Pinus pinaster and Quercus pendunculata, 13 Oct. 1977, H. Mesplede, det: H. Romagesi (77.333) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. PC0091492, HJB1000061).

Homotypic synonyms: Hebeloma bulbosum Romagn. (1983)

Original diagnosis: Synonyme: Hebeloma crustuliniforme var. bulbiferum Favre non R. Maire, loc. cit. p. 488). - Pileo (2)-2.5-5.7 cm, primum e campanulato convexo, dein expanso, margine anguste involuta, dein magis minusve undata, e rufulo ochraceo, in ambitu pallidiore, cute viscidula, laeve atque paulum micacea, vetustate rugulosa. Stipite brevi, 2.5-5 x 0.5-0.7 cm, sursum cylindrato, deorsum manifeste bulbosa (usque ad 1 cm), plena, dein medullato, demum cavo, cortice firmo, albo vel albido, fere toto pruinoso. Carne crassiuscula, firmula, albida, paulum pallidissimo colore brunneolo in cortice stipitis tincta. Odore raphanoideo, sapore amarescente. Lamellis stipatis, triplici serie lamellularum, (2-)3-5 mm latis, rotundatis subliberis vel adnatis, pallide argilaceis, acie crenata ac guttulis plerumque limpidis, interdum lacteis. - Sporis late ovoideis-amygdaliformibus, (8.7-) 9-11.7 x 6-6.8 μm, 10-11.7 x 5.7-6.5-(8) μm (NH4OH), luteolis, sublaevibus vel subtiliter punctatis. Basidiis 20-32 x 8-10 μm. Pilis marginalibus longe clavatis, interdum inferne ampullaceis, 37-60-(80) x 5-6 μm x 6-9 m. Epicute gelata, pilis erectis (ixotrichodermate) longioribus x 3-4 μm, cylindratis, haud vel parum summis incrassatis, brevioribus (in strato inferiore) manifeste clavatis (5-7 μm), sparsis; subcute magis minusve manifeste specie pseudoparenchymatica. Fibulis praesentibus. - Sub Pinis pinastris, Quercibusque pedunculatis, locis graminosis, fossis luteis.

English translation: Pileus (2–)2.5–5.7 μm, at first campanulate convex then expanding, with narrowly involute margin, then strongly more or less undulating, first reddish then ochraceous, paler at margin, with slightly viscid cuticle, glabrous and weakly micaceous, with rugulose covering. Stipe short, 2.5–3.5 × 0.5–0.7 cm, cylindrical in upper part, manifestly bulbous at base (up to 1 cm), solid then medullate finally hollow, with firm cortex, white or whitish, almost entirely pruinose. Context rather thick and firm, white in cortex of stipe very pale brown. Odour aphanoid. Taste bitter. Lamellae crowded with three lengths of lamellulae (2–)3–5 mm broad, rounded almost free or adnate, pale clay-coloured, with crenulate edge and guttulate with a clear or sometimes milky liquid. Spores broadly ovoid-amygdaloid, (8.7–) 9–11.7 × 6–6.8 μm, 10–11.7 × 5.7–6.5(–8) μm in NH4OH, yellowish, almost smooth or subtly punctate. Basidia 20–32 × 8–10 μm. Marginal hairs long clavate, sometimes ampulliform below, 37–60 (–80) × 5–8 μm. Epicutis gelatinous, with long erect hairs (ixotrichoderm), 3–4 μm wide, cylindrical, not or at apex slightly enlarged, rarely widened in lower part and distinctly clavate (5–7 μm); subcutis somewhat more parenchymatical. Clamps present. With Pinus pinaster and Quercus pedunculata in grassy spots in muddy ditches.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis, this is: = Hebeloma velutipes Bruchet.

English translation: Diag. Lacking an annulus, without veils, solitary; pileus fleshy, hemispherical to expanded, non-umbonate, glabrous, smooth, dingy white or dingy yellowish-whitish, viscid in rainy weather; lamellae membranaceous crowded somewhat broad, sinuato-adnate, dark reddish-brown, edge smooth concolorous; stipe terete almost equal, at the apex slightly white pruinose, discolouring brownish downwards not enlarged, stuffed, rooted with scanty white mycelium englobing earth; basidia abnormal very large subpistilloid; cystidia none; spores elliptic-ovoid acute on both ends indistinctly subrugulose pale rusty red.

Commentary: We have thus far been unable to access type material. Based on the diagnosis, this is unlikely to be a Hebeloma, given elliptic-ovoid rusty red spores.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1-2.5 cm latus, convexus demum expansus, ad marginem subsquamulosus, glabrescens, subviscidus, fulvobrunneus. Sapor amarus; odor pungens. Lamellae latae, confertae, adnatae vel adnexae; subfulvae. Stipes 2-4 cm longus, 2.5-4 mm crassus, aequalis, brunnescens. Velum fibrillosum, pallide argillaceum, sparsim. Sporae (11) 12 -14 x 6.5-8 μm, inequilaterales, dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia 38-67 x 6-12 x 4-6 μm fusoide ventricosa, obtusa; et cylindracea, 24-64 x 4-6 μm, ad apicem obtusa.

English translation: Pileus 1-2.5 cm broad, convex then expanded, subsquamulose on the margin, glabrescent, subviscid, fulvous-brown. Taste bitter; smell pungent. Lamellae broad, crowded, adnate or adnexed, almost fulvous. Stipe 2-4 cm long, 2.5-4 mm thick, equal, discolouring brown. Veil fibrillose, pale argillaceous, sparsely distributed. Spores (11) 12-14 x 6.5-8 μm, inequilateral, dextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 38-67 x 6-12 x 4-6 μm, fusoid-ventricose, obtuse; and cylindraceous, 24-64 x 4-6 μm, obtuse at the apex.

Commentary: Unfortunately no DNA sequence data could be generated. Based on morphology, habitat and locality this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo-subexpanso 5-7 cm. lato, subviscido, glabro, isabellino; lamellis sinuatis, confertis, pallidis, fimbriatis; sporis subovoideis, levibus, 11 x 6 µ; stipite glabro, albo, 4-6 x o.8-1.3 cm.

English translation: Pileus convex to subapplanate 5-7 cm broad, subviscid, glabrous, isabelline; lamellae sinuate, crowded, pale, fimbriate; spores subovoid, smooth, 11 x 6 μ; stipe glabrous, white, 4-6 x 0.8.1.3 cm.

Commentary: With the mainly gently clavate and clavate-ventricose cheilocystidia, over 40 µm long, and the spores amygdaloid and rather strongly dextrinoid this belongs to Hebeloma sect. Velutipes. Within this section of the genus, the spores with a consistently loosening perispore, on ave. less than 11.5 × 7.5 µm, with a very strong papilla, and the absence of pleurocystidia, would indicate that this is most likely Hebeloma albidulum. Hence this taxon should be synonymized with H. albidulum. Unfortunately, it was not possible to generate any DNA sequence data from this material. Singer left a herbarium note (undated) suggesting this was a species of Hebeloma. Stuntz examined the holotype in 1976 and also left a herbarium note: “I think this is a Hebeloma which would account for the fimbriate lamellar edges and the pruinate-punctate apex of the stipe.”. Halling (1986) pointed out that Singer considered this to be a Hebeloma but it appears that no follow up had occurred. Since the synonymy with H. albidulum is clear, the recombination into Hebeloma is superfluous. Based on morphological analysis, this is: = H. albidulum Peck.

Types: JAPAN: Hokkaido, Ishikari, Sapporo (approx. 43.1714°N, 141.3155°E, alt. approx. 5 m a.s.l.) on dung, Jun. 1935, S. Imai (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. SAPA10000036 (No. 383), HJB1000377).

Original diagnosis: Subcaespitosum vel gregarium. Pileo 1.5-3 cm. lato, hemisphaerico vel convexo, dein subplano, viscidulo, glabro, "ochraceous­tawny", margine pallidiore et glabro vel leviter albo-sericeo; carne albida vel flavidula, tenui, odore subfarinaceo, sapore nullo; lamellis sinuatis, confertis, ventricosis, e albido cinnamomeis, acie fimbriatis; stipite 4-6 cm. longo, 4-5 mm. crasso, subaequali, pallidiore, fibrilloso, cavo; vela alba, fugaci; sporis in cumulo fulvo-ferrugineis, late ellipsoideis, 12.5-16.5 X 8-10 µ , laevibus; cystidiis fusiformibus, hyalinis.

English translation: Subcaespitose or gregarious. Pileus 1.5-3 cm broad, hemispherical or convex, then subapplanate, slightly viscid, smooth, “ochraceous-tawny”, margin lighter-coloured and smooth or silky-white; context whitish or yellowish, thin, smell almost mealy, taste none; lamellae sinuate, crowded, ventricose, whitish to cinnamon, edge fimbriate; stipe 4-6 cm long, 4-5 mm thick, subcylindraceous, paler, fibrillose, fistulose; veil white, fugacious; spores rusty-fulvous in mass, broadly ellipsoid, 12.5-16.5 x 8-10 μ, smooth; cystidia fusiform, hyaline.

Commentary: Hebeloma fimicola is an Agrocybe. Our examination of the type material was in close agreement with the description of Imai (1938). It is possible, even likely, that A. imaii is a later synonym of A. pediades s.l., and, given its habitat on dung, may be A. pediades var. fimicola (Speg.) Nauta (Agrocybe fimicola (Speg) Sing.) (Nauta 2005), but we rather leave it to experts on the genus based on multilocus sequence data to come to a conclusion. Based on ITS data, Agrocybe pediades occurs in many countries including China, India, Iraq, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka (see Eberhardt et al. 2022b and UNITE SH2290413.08FU). Japanese name: Baba-wakafusa-take (Imai 1938).

Types: Persoon, Icones et Descriptiones Fungus Minus Cognitarum: 468 (1798) tab. 5, figs 3-4., lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 596 (MBT203035)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma firmum (Pers.) Gillet [as "firmus"] (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma frmum (Pers.) Gillet.

Types: Persoon, Icones et Descriptiones Fungus Minus Cognitarum: 95 (1798) tab. 5, figs 3-4., lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 596 (MBT203035)

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma firmum (Pers.) Gillet [as "firmus"] (1876)

Commentary: See Hebeloma frmum (Pers.) Gillet.

Types: Persoon, Icones et Descriptiones Fungus Minus Cognitarum: 523 (1798) tab. 5, figs 3-4., lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 596 (MBT203035)

Homotypic synonyms: Inocybe firma (Pers.) P. Karst. (1879); Hylophila testacea var. firma (Pers.) Quél. (1886); Hylophila firma (Pers.) Quél. (1888)

Original diagnosis: A. solitarius, pileo aequali convexo rusfescente vaccino, lamellis liberis concoloribus; stipites longuisculo albido-fuligineo utrinque incrassato solido. Locus: passim in sylvis, inque locis graminosis occurrit. Observatio. Lamellis pariter rufis, nec albidis, stipiteque solido s. firmo aliterque colorato ab antecedente differt specie. Delineato fida ceterum ampliorem supplet descriptionem.

English translation: A solitary Agaricus, pileus regularly convex, reddish brown; lamellae free with same colour; stipe long, white-brownish, broadened at apex and base, solid. Location: growing in forest, often in grassy spots. Lamellae reddish like pileus, not white and stipe solid, firm, differing from the preceding species by its colour. The true drawing surely supplements the description.

Commentary: The species on Persoon’s plate could well represent a species of Gymnopus (Pers.) Roussel; we think it unlikely to be a Hebeloma.

Types: Persoon, Icones et Descriptiones Fungus Minus Cognitarum: 15 (1798) tab. 5, figs 3-4., lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 596 (MBT203035)

Commentary: See Hebeloma frmum (Pers.) Gillet.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1-3 cm latus, obtusus demum planus vel obscure umbonatus, subviscidus, glaber vel ad marginem sparse fibrillosus; castaneus demum pallidior. Contextus flaccidus, tenuis, odor et sapor raphanicus. Lamellae latae (ventricosae), adnatae, confertae, sordide cinnamomeae. Stipes 3-5 cm longus, 1.5-3 mm crassus, fragilis, dissiliens, brunnescens. Velum fibrillosum, pallidum. Sporae 10-13 (14) x 6-7.5 (8) μm, non dextrinoideae, inequilaterales, leves. Cheilocystidia 50 -100 x 4-6 (9) x 3-6 μm, cylindrica vel anguste fusoid-ventricosa, valde elongata.

English translation: Pileus 1-3 cm broad, obtuse then applanate or indistinctly umbonate, subviscid, glabrous or sparsely fibrillose on the margin; chestnut brown, later becoming paler. Context lax, thin, smell and taste raphanoid. Lamellae broad (ventricose), adnate, crowded, dingy cinnamon. Stipe 3-5 cm long, 1.5-3 mm thick, brittle, splitting, discolouring brown. Veil fibrillose, pale. Spores 10-13 (14) x 6-7.5 (8) μm, indextrinoid, inequilateral, smooth. Cheilocystidia 50-100 x 4-6 (9) x 3-6 μm, cylindrical or fusoid-ventricose, strongly elongate.

Commentary: Unfortunately no DNA sequence data could be generated. Based on morphology, habitat and locality this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileo 2.5-4.5 cm, medio spisso, pulvinato, non vel vix mammoso, margine involuta, pallido, in margine albido, in medio avellaneo vel e rufulo brunneolo, in ambitu sericeo, alibi minutissime sub lente punctulato. Stipite brevi, 3.2-5 cm x 7-10 mm, cylindrato vel inferne angustiore, albido, dein paulum rufulo vel e rufo brunneolo aetate colorato, mox cavo, sericeo fibrilloso, sursum pruinoso. Carne alba, dein paulum rufescente, odore herbaceo, sapore raphanoideo, vix amariusculo. Lamelles tenuibus, adnato-sinuatis, pallidis, avellaneis, acie irregulari, vix pallidiore. Cortina copiosa, sed levi. Sporis 7.7-9.2 x 5-5.7 μm. Basidiis tetrasporis 25-32 x 6.7-7.5 μm. Pilis marginalibus obtusis, cylindratis vel lageniformibus, 32-60 x 6-8.5-(14) μm. Epicute hyphis tenuibus (x 2.5-3.5 μm), subgelato; subcute minus manifesto quam apis permulta alia Hebelomata. - Humi, interdum in terra ambusta, sub arboribus frondosis vel coniferis.

English translation: Pileus 2.5–4.5 cm, thick at centre, strongly convex, not or hardly umbonate, with involute margin, pale, whitish at margin, at centre hazelnut brown or reddish brownish, entirely sericeous, in places minutely punctate under lens. Stipe short, 3.2–5 cm × 7–10 mm, cylindrical or broadened towards base, whitish, then with age becoming pale reddish or reddish brown, soon hollow, shiny-fibrillose, pruinose at apex. Context white then weakly reddening, odour herbaceous, taste raphanoid, hardly bitter. Lamellae thin, adnate-sinuate, pale, hazelnut brown, with irregular, hardly paler edge. Cortina abundant, but smooth. Spores 7.7–9.2 × 5–5.7 μm. Basidia 25–32 × 6.7–7.5 μm. Marginal hairs, blunt, cylindrical to lageniform, 32–60 × 6–8.5–(14) μm. Epicutis of narrow hyphae, (x 2.5–3.5 μm), subgelatinized; subcutis poorly developed as in most Hebeloma species. In damp places on burnt soil, under deciduous or coniferous trees.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular study, as well as the protologue, this is: = Hebeloma subtortum P. Karst.

Types: ITALY: Lazio, Castelfusano (approx. 41.7255°N, 12.3867°E, alt. approx. 25 m a.s.l.) under Pinus pinea, 18 Mar. 1983, G. Lonati, det: L. Quadraccia (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. ROHB00868, HJB1000111; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. ROHB00868, HJB1000502).

Original diagnosis: A typo differt pilis marginalibus longioribus, usque ad 115 μm longis (ad apicem usque ad 7,5 μm latis) et ventricosioribus, inferne usque ad 17 μm latis. Habitat in terra arenosa sub Pino pinea (Quercion ilicis).

English translation: Differs from the type variety by its longer and more ventricose (lower part up to 17 μm wide) marginal hairs, up to 115 μm long (at apex up to 7.5 wide). Habitat in sandy soil under Pinus pinea (Quercion ilicis).

Commentary: Unfortunately, we have not been able to generate any sequences from the holotype, but based on a morphological study of the holotype this is: = Hebeloma subtortum P. Karst.

English translation: Pileus firm, 1-2 mm broad, fleshy, brick red, subvelutinous, sprinkled white on the disc, subapplanate, lamellae of two lengths, triangular, ventricose, arcuate-adnexed, firm, pale yellow; stipe 3 cm high, 3 mm thick, pale yellow, fibrillose in the middle; spores yellowish, limoniform, 10-12 x 8 μm, apiculate.

Commentary: Thus far we have been unable to examine type material; the diagnosis does not provide sufficient information to resolve this species or even to confirm that it is or is not a Hebeloma.

Types: MALAYSIA: Pahang:Fraser's Hill (approx. 3.7119°N, 101.7366°E, alt. approx. 1250 m a.s.l.) on soil in montane, tropical woodland, 25 Nov. 1930, E.J.H. Corner (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. E 00204812, HJB19600).

Commentary: See Hebeloma flavidifolium (Corner) Beker & U. Eberh.

Types: MALAYSIA: Pahang:Fraser's Hill (approx. 3.7119°N, 101.7366°E, alt. approx. 1250 m a.s.l.) on soil in montane, tropical woodland, 25 Nov. 1930, E.J.H. Corner (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. E 00204812, HJB19600).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma flavidifolium (Corner) Beker & U. Eberh. (2021)

Commentary: See Hebeloma flavidifolium (Corner) Beker & U. Eberh.

Types: UNITED STATES: Nebraska: Bellevue (approx. 41.1544°N, 95.9146°W, alt. approx. 330 m a.s.l.), 1894, F.E. Clements (Holotype. HJB1000357).

The type is described as on the ground in Belleview, Nebraska. We have been unable to locate any original material.

Diagnosis: Pileus persistently campanulate, fleshy, viscid, covered with nearly concentric, fulvous, scales 2 mm. wide, margin incurved, appendiculate, bright yellow; stipe thick, solid, short, curved, densely beset with concentric fioccose, fulvous scales, except at the base, yellow; lamellae subsinuate, with a decurrent tooth, slightly crowded, drab; spores ovoid, ochroleuceus, 7-8 x 4 μ. Pileus 5-6 cm. wide; stipe 3-5 cm. long, 2/3-2 cm. thick. On gorund, Bellevue.

Commentary: We have been unable to locate any type material.

Types: UNITED STATES: Pennsylvania: Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, Schenley Park (approx. 40.43°N, 79.99°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on soil, Jul. 1909, D.R. Sumstine, det: C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001221, HJB1000085; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-039659, HJB1000358).

Original diagnosis: Pileus tenuis, convexus, glaber, viscidulus, luteolus vel argillaceo-brunneus, carne alba; lamellae confertae, adnatae, brunneo-ferrugineae; stipes fibrosus aequalis vel leviter basi incrassatus, flexuosus, solidus farctusve, ad apicem pruinoso-pubescens et minute glandulosus, pallidus vel pileo in colore similis, velo nullo, mycelio fibrilloso, abundante, candido; sporae subellipsoideae, brunneo-ferruginosae, 12-16 X 7-9 μ.

English translation: Pileus thin, smooth, slightly viscid, yellowish or argillaceous-brown, with white context; lamellae crowded, adnate, brownish-rusty; stipe fibrous equal or slightly enlarged at base, flexuous, solid or stuffed, pruinose-downy and finely glandular at the apex, pale or same colour as pileus, veil none, mycelium fibrillose, abundant, pure white; spores subellipsoid, brownish-rusty, 12-16 x 7-9 μ

Commentary: This is an Agrocybe. The spores are elliptical with a germ pore, with indistinct ornamentation, perispore not loosening and strongly dextrinoid, on average 12.1 × 7.7 μm; the cheilocystidia are ventricose. The assignment to Agrocybe is supported by phylogenetic analysis of ITS data. Thus, the taxon is recombined. The ITS of A. flexuosipes is very similar to sequences from material identified as A. putaminum (described from France, Maire 1913) and A. smithii (described from Massachusetts, Watling and Bigelow 1983). The two species are very similar; the most important difference is the presence of pileocystidia in A. putaminum and their absence in A. smithii (Vellinga 2008; Halama 2016). Pileocystidia were not observed in the type material of A. flexuosipes. If regarded as conspecific, A. flexuosipes would have nomenclatural priority over both A. putaminum and A. smithii, however, basidiome samples from the type localities have not been sequenced.

Types: UNITED STATES: Florida: Alachua County, southwest of Gainesville, Sugarfoot Hammock (approx. 29.6664°N, 82.3299°W, alt. approx. 50 m a.s.l.) on decomposed litter in deciduous woodland, 17 Oct. 1938, W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. FLAS-F-18365, HJB1000359).

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo-expanso, umbonato, 3.5 cm. lato, viscido, stramineo; sporis ovoideis, 8 X 5 μ, cystidiis 40 X 15 μ, stipite albo, 5 X 0.5-0.6 cm.

English translation: Pileus convex to expanded, umbonate, 3.5 cm broad, viscid, straw yellow; spores ovoid, 8 x 5 μ, cystidia 40 x 15 μ, stipe white, 5 x 0.5-0.6 cm.

Commentary: Murrill (1945) made a nomenclatural mess when he used the name I. hebelomoides for what used to be H. floridanum. Normally, he ought to have kept the epithet when transferring the species to Inocybe, if the name was still available. It would have been, had he not, within the same paper (Murrill 1945), described I. floridana with a different type. As the transfer though superfluous (art. 52.1 Shenzhen), the name I. hebelomoides is legitimate and thus available for the species (art. 52.4 Shenzen). Our analysis of the holotype revealed smooth, ovoid to amygdaloid spores without germ-pore (8–10 × 6–8 µm); the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are ventricose, occasionally utriform often with crystals on the top. This is clearly an Inocybe. Unfortunately, we were unable to generate any DNA sequence data.

Types: UNITED STATES: Florida: Alachua County, southwest of Gainesville, Sugarfoot Hammock (approx. 29.6607°N, 82.4459°W, alt. approx. 50 m a.s.l.) on decomposed litter in mixed woodland, 12 Jul. 1938, W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. FLAS-F-10452, HJB1000360).

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo-subexpanso, subumbonato, 4.5 cm. lato, glabro, viscido, rosei-isabellino, subamaro; lamellis sinuatis, subdistantibus, pallidis ad fulvis; sporis levibus, 8-10 X 4-5 μ; stipite pallidi, subpruinoso, 5 X 0.7 cm.

English translation: Pileus convex-subexpanded, slightly umbonate, 4.5 cm broad. Glabrous, viscid, pinkish-isabella, somewhat bitter; lamellae sinuate, subdistant, pale to fulvous; spores smooth, 8-10 x 4-5 μm; stipe pale subpruinose, 5 x 0.7 cm.

Commentary: The short, irregular but largely cylindrical cheilocystidia together with the amygdaloid to navicular shaped spores suggest H. sect. Naviculospora. No European members of this section have an ecology and morphology corresponding to this taxon. However, the lectotype of H. subfastibile does closely correspond to this taxon. Since this latter name has priority, H. floridanum should be synonymized with H. subfastibile. Thus, it would not make sense to legitimize H. floridanum. based on morphological analysis, this is: = H. subfastibile Murrill.

Types: UNITED STATES: California: Pasadena (approx. 34.14°N, 118.13°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on soil in urban roadside, 20 Dec. 1895, A.J. McClatchie, det: C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001228, HJB1000086).

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, convex becoming plane or centrally depressed, glabrous, very viscid or glutinous, reddish cinnamon, flesh yellowish-white; lamellae subventricose, emarginate with a decurrent tooth, cinnamon-color, becoming mummy-brown; stem solid, equal or slightly thickened at the base, fibrillose, paler than the pileus; spores broadly elliptical, .00024 to .0003 in. long, .00016 to .0002 broad. Pileus 1.5 to 3 in. broad; stem 1.5 to 2.5 in. long, 2 to 4 lines thick. Streets of Pasadena. December. McClatchie. The species is apparently related to H. firmum, H. testaccum and H. glutinosum, from all of which it is separated by its small spores. Its viscid pileus causes dirt to adhere to it in such quantity as to give the plant a very defiled, unattractive appearance.

Commentary: The spores are thick-walled, without an obvious germ pore (although Smith and Hesler (1968) mentioned a minute apical pore), and on average 6.8 × 5.1 μm. Both cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are present and chrysocystidia absent. An ITS sequence provides further evidence in favor of this recombination into Pholiota. We are not aware of any published sequences of this taxon. Interestingly, a spore print of a collection of C.F. Baker from 1909 exists in MIN, identified as H. foedatum, that matches the type of P. foedata. Pholiota foedata is a member of Pholiota clade 2 as recognized by Tian and Matheny (2021), tentatively named P. subgen. Flammuloides. Based on currently available sequence data, the sister species of P. foedata is P. gallica. No other ITS sequences exist that are likely to be conspecific with P. foedata – unless P. foedata was conspecific with P. gallica. The spore size of the two species appears to match (see Holec and Kolařík 2014). The p-distance between the types of P. foedata and P. gallica is 2.1%; the distances between all collections ascribed to P. foedata or P. gallica is 0.4–2.1%.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Hamilton County, Indian Lake (approx. 43.7824°N, 74.2654°W, alt. approx. 500 m a.s.l.) on boggy soil and litter in bog, Jul. 1873, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001238, HJB1000271).

Commentary: See Hebeloma fragilius (Peck) Sacc.

Types: FRANCE: Pinede du Mont-Po.nr Chantilly (Oise) (approx. 49.19°N, 2.17°E, alt. approx. 120 m a.s.l.) on calcareous, grassy, mossy soil under Betula sp., 7 Sep. 1963, H. Romagnesi (R63-179) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. PC 0090764, HJB1000031).

Original diagnosis: Pileo 2,3–5 cm, simili pileo H. crustuliniformis cum figura tum colore pallida, sed tenuiore, fragiliore, viscidulo. Stipite 2,5–7 cm x 1–7 mm, tam fragili ut e terra extractus semper frangatur, intus canaliculato, cylindrato, saepe torto, paulum inferne leviter incrassato, candido, leviter deorum fuscescente, fibrilloso, in apice farinoso. Carne fragilissima, pallide brunnea, odore rapaceo, sapore amarissimo. Lamellis stipatis, 4–6 mm solum latis, adnatis sinuatis, segmentiformibus vel linearibus, pallide bruneolis, deinde argillaceis, acie pruinosa ac plorante. Sporis in curnulo umbrinis, amygdaliformibus, 9–11,5 x 5,5–6,2 μm, pallide luteis, manifeste verrucosis. Pilis acierum claviformibus, brevioribus quam apud crustuliniforme, 40–50 x 5–8 μm (ad apicem). Epicute ex hyphis filiformibus, clavulatis (x 2,5–3,5 µ. in superiore parte) constante, cute hyphis cylindratis, 4–6 μm latis, et subcute specie pseudoparenchymatica manifestissima, pigmento pallido membranas colorante. – Sub betulis, locis graminosis vel muscosis.

English translation: Pileus 2.3–5 cm, similar to that of Hebeloma crustuliniforme in stature and pale colour, but smaller and more fragile, slightly viscid. Stipe 2.5–7 cm × 1–7 mm, so fragile that it is difficult to pick it out of the soil without breaking it, inner part hollow, cylindrical, often twisted, towards base slightly broadening, white, towards base slightly browning, fibrillose, mealy at apex. Context very brittle, pale brown; smell raphanoid; taste very bitter. Lamellae crowded, only 4–6 mm broad, adnate-sinuate, segmentiform or linear, pale brownish, then clay-coloured with pruinose, weeping edge. Spores in mass umber brown, amygdaloid, 9–11.5 × 5.5–6.2 μm, pale yellow, strongly verrucose. Marginal hairs claviform, short, like in H. crustuliniforme, 40–50 × 5–8 μm (at apex). Epicutis made of filiform hyphae, clavuliform (x 2.5–3.5 μm at the upper part) constant, cutis hyphae cylindrical, 4–6 μm broad, and subcutis distinctly pseudoparenchymatical with pale coloured membranal pigment. Under Betula in grassy and mossy places.

Commentary: Given the shape of its cheilocystidia (primarily clavate-lageniform) and the spores mainly O3 and D2, Hebeloma fragilipes belongs to H. sect. Denudata, subsect. Clepsydroida. This species most likely corresponds to ICG22 of Aanen & Kuyper (2004). As explained above, no ICG number was assigned by Aanen & Kuyper (1999) as the related strain never formed dikarya; hence, the authors were reluctant to assume that it represented an ICG. It appears that in their studies they had only one collection of this taxon. Within this subsection, the dextrinoidity, usually D2 (weakly but distinctly dextrinoid), places H. fragilipes in the group of four species with H. cavipes, H. ingratum and H. pseudofragilipes. It is worth noting that all four of these species (along with H. hiemale) regularly exhibit median-thickening in the cheilocystidia walls; Hebeloma fragilipes appears to most strongly exhibit this character. Also note that H. cavipes and H. pseudofragilipes often have a majority of spores D3, a character that does not seem to appear in either H. fragilipes or H. ingratum. Hebeloma fragilipes usually has a very pale pileus, at most with cream or yellow tones, which separates it from H. cavipes and H. ingratum, both of which tend to have more brown in the pileus, particularly at the centre. This taxon is very close, both morphologically and molecularly, to H. pseudofragilipes but it may be distinguished from this latter species through consideration of the cheilocystidium averages: If A/B is less than 1.4 and A is at most 6.5 and B is greater than 5 then it is H. pseudofragilipes, and if any of these conditions fail then it is H. fragilipes, i.e. the apex of the cheilocystidium within H. fragilipes is usually more swollen and the basal part of the cheilocystidium less swollen giving a larger ratio between the two. For Hebeloma fragilipes this ratio is always greater than 1.25. However, in cases of doubt only sequences of V6, V9, RPB2 or Tef1a will permit a clear decision. Romagnesi focused on the fragile stipe that this species often (but not always) exhibits and the occasional median thickening of the cheilocystidium wall (which does appear to be a consistent character of the cheilocystidium, but only present here and there). Macroscopically, this species may be mistaken for a small member of the H. crustuliniforme complex or a large H. helodes. However, macroscopically, it does not have the floccose stipe that is present in these other species and, microscopically, the cheilocystidium shape will normally readily separate H. fragilipes from these taxa. We suspect that Hebeloma fragilipes has in the past been confused with the other species that exhibit median thickening of the cheilocystidium wall and that collections labelled H. fragilipes may equally represent H. pseudofragilipes, which appears more common than H. fragilipes, or H. ingratum, with a usually darker pileus and smaller spores or, perhaps, also paler collections of H. cavipes. We have studied the holotype of Hebeloma domardianum. At the time when we combined Hebelomina domardianum into Hebeloma, we had been unable to locate the type material and believed it to be lost. Since that time, with help from the staff at MPU, we were able to find the holotype (‘hidden’ among Tricholoma). Unfortunately, we have been unsuccessful in our attempts to obtain PCR products from this material. However, based on a morphological study of this material we are confident that this material represents Hebeloma fragilipes. Since the basionym for Hebeloma domardianum was published in 1935, many years before Hebeloma fragilipes, this name should take precedence. But the material of Hebeloma domardianum is hardly representative of this taxon and the name Hebeloma fragilipes is now well established. Consequently we proposed that the name Hebeloma fragilipes be conserved. However, we have discovered that H. album (Peck) is an older name for this taxon (and for H. domardianum) and consequently the fact that this name was conserved against H. domardianum is no longer relevant.

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Hamilton County, Indian Lake (approx. 43.7824°N, 74.2654°W, alt. approx. 500 m a.s.l.) on boggy soil and litter in bog, Jul. 1873, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001238, HJB1000271).

The type material is a mixed collection.

Diagnosis: Small, fragile, pale grayish ochre; pileus thin, convex, then expanded or centrally depressed, sometimes irregular or wavy on the margin, at first minutely squamulose lamellae close, when young a little paler thin the pileus, minutely eroded on the edge; stem slender, squamulose, hollow, often expanded at the base into a thin disk. Plant about ???? pileus 3-6" broad stem scarcely 1" thick. Damp. decaying leaves in water holes of swamps. Indian Lake. July. The minute scales of the pileus easily rub off and they disappear with age. They sometimes project from the margin in a fimbriate manner.

Commentary: This taxon was originally described by Peck (1875) as Agaricus (Hebeloma) fragilior. The exsiccata that was examined was very small. Unfortunately, no molecular information was forthcoming. The spores that were found were near hyaline, pip-shaped, very weakly ornamented, and measured around 7 × 5 μm. The protologue describes the mushroom as small and fragile with a thin grayish ochre pileus with minute scales that easily rub off. In an unpublished manuscript Hesler on North American species of Hebeloma gave the following description: “The pileus cuticle is a zone of dry cells, and the surface bears inflated pileocystidia which at intervals loosen, push up, and form erect scales. The spores are 6.5–7.5(8) × 4–4.5 μ[m], without a germ-pore, minutely rugulose, thin-walled, and are faintly yellowish in 2% KOH. It appears to be an Alnicola. Peck (1910) thought it might be a Naucoria and that it needed further study. It may also have some affinity to Tubaria.” The only conclusion is that this is not a Hebeloma, but on the information available, we are not able to unambiguously assign this species to any genus.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-3 cm latus, obtusus demum convexus vel planus, glaber, vel ad marginem leviter fibrillosus, subviscidus, ad centrum fuscobrunneus, tarde pallidior. Context fragilis, fragrans, sapor mitis. Lamellae subdistantes, latae demum ventricosae, cinnamomeoargillaceae. Stipes 2-3.5 cm longus, 3-4.5 mm crassus, fragilis, cinereobrunneus, brunnescens; velum cinereo-argillaceum. Sporae 10-15 x 6-7 μm, non dextrinoideae; inequilaterales, Cheilocystidia 42-73 x 4-6 μm, ~ cylindrica vel filamentosa, vel 38-67 x 6-12 x 4-6 μm, fusoide ventricosa, hyalina.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-3 cm broad, obtuse then convex or applanate, glabrous, or slightly fibrillose on the margin, slightly viscid, dark brown in the centre, paler in age. Context fragile, fragrant, taste mild. Lamellae subdistant, broad, then ventricose, cinnamon-argillaceous. Stipe 2-3.5 cm long, 3-4.5 mm thick, fragile, greyish-brown, becoming brown; veil greyish-argillaceous. Spores 10-15 x 6.7 μm, indextrinoid; inequilateral. Cheilocystidia 42-73 x 4.6 μm, more or less cylindrical or filamentous or 38-67 x 6-12 x 4-6 μm, fusoid-ventricose, hyaline.

Commentary: Unfortunately we have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-4.5 cm latus, convexus demum planus, subviscidus, rufobrunneus demum sordide fulvus; odor fragrans, gustus amarus. Lamellae latae demum ventricosae, confertae, subfulvae. Stipes 3-6 cm longus, + 4 mm crassus, brunnescens; velum pallide subochraceum. Sporae 11-14 x 6-7 μm, dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia versiforme: (1) fusoid-ventricosa et 43-70 x 7-12 x 3.5-5 μm; (2) filamentosa et 28 -70 x 3-6 μm; (3) rare subsaccata.

English translation: Pileus 2-4.5 cm broad, convex then applanate, slightly viscid, red-brown, later dingy fulvous; smell fragrant, taste bitter. Lamellae broad then ventricose, crowded, almost fulvous. Spores 3-6 cm long, about 4 mm thick, discolouring brown; veil pale ochraceous. Spores 11-14 x 6-7 μm, dextrinoid. Cheilocystidia versiform: (1) fusoid-ventricose and 43-70 x 7-12 x 6-7 μm; (2) filamentous and 28-70 x 3-6 μm; (3) rarely subsaccate.

Commentary: We have examined both the holotype and a topotype collected on the same day and determined by Smith and Evenson as H. fragrans var. intermedium (HJB15793). While we were unable to generate any molecular sequence, based on the morphological study of both these collections, this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Original diagnosis: Magnitudine et habitu Hypholomati fasciculari simile, sed undique album. Pileo 1,5-3,5 cm diam., obtuse conico-campanulato, paulisper umbonato, subcarnoso, perfecte glabro, conspecte viscido, albo, aetate in squamulas parvas adpressas soluto, iam iuventute prorsus absque velo, margine involuto. Stipite longo, plerumque arcuato, 3-4 mm crasso, albo, glabro, basi saepe undulato-compresso et cavo, aetate citrine-inhalato (haud brunnescenti), apice granuloso. Lamellis confertis, latis, postice rotundato-liberis, ochraceis, acie albis et ciliatis. Sporis magnis, laete luteis, inaequalateraliter amygdaliformibus, 14-16 μm. Cystidiis numerosis, obtusis, fere capitato-cylindraceis. Odor dulcis (ut officina ad fabricationem alcoholi) penetrans. In caespitibus robustis (!) in fossis prope Košiře, Pragae, Kašpar legit, octobri 1919. Hebeloma sacchariolens probabiliter affine, sed autor scripsit: gregarium in nemoribus Saliceis et pileum centro ferrugineum eodem auctore habet.

English translation: In size and habit similar to Hypholoma fasciculare, but white in all parts. Pileus 1.5–3.5 cm diam. bluntly conico-campanulato, weakly umbonate, thin-fleshed, perfectly glabrous, distinctly viscid, white, when old breaking up in small, adpressed squamules, already when young absolutely without veil, with involute margin. Stipe long, frequently curved, 3–4 mm thick, white, glabrous, at base often undulating-compressed and hollow, with age turning lemon-yellow (not browning), with granulose apex. Lamellae crowded, broad, rounded-free, ochraceous, with white, ciliate edge. Spores large, pale yellow, unequally amygdaloid. 14–16 μm. Cystidia abundant, blunt, almost cylindrical-capitate. Odour sweet, penetrating (like in an alcohol factory). In robust (large) clusters (!) in a ditch near Košiře, Pragae, leg. Kašpar, oct. 1919. Probably close to Hebeloma sacchariolens, but, as the author writes: gregarious in Salix copse and with ferrugineous centre of pileus.

Commentary: The ‘original diagnosis’ above is the translation into Latin from the original Czech by Pilat, Opera Bot. Čechica 6: 136 (1948). Studies of the lectotype and the protologue show that this is a member of H. sect. Sacchariolentia. Being described with a white pileus, breaking up into small scales with age, and a 3–4 mm broad stipe, it agrees best with Hebeloma ischnostylum (Cooke) Sacc. and H. fusisporum Gröger & Zschiesch. Our morphological study reveals spores on average 11.0 × 5.9 µm, which is in disagreement with the protologue. Based on examination of other material of Velenovsky stored in this medium, we believe it is highly unlikely that the spores have shrunk. This spore size does fall within the range of H. ischnostylum, and we therefore conclude that this taxon is: = Hebeloma ischnostylum (Cooke) Sacc.

No original material found.

Diagnosis: Pileus ¼ in. across, fleshy, deep reddish-brown, smooth, slightly viscid when moist, convex to somewhat conical, slightly incurved at margin, sometimes bent back on stern, with silky fibres passing from margin to stem; flesh yellowish. Gills reddish-yellow, not crowded, ventricose, adnexed. Stem ¾ in. Iong, ⅛ in. thick, central, creamy-yellow, hollow, equal, cylindrical, slightly curved, apex mealy, passing at base into dense woolly felt and attached to collar of plant. Spores yellow, elliptical, slightly apiculate, 10-12 x 5½-6½ µ. Strong mushroom odour. Attached to orchid, Pterostylis pedunculata, R. Br., just beneath basal leaves. August, 1899. Near Cheltenham, Victoria ; C. French, jun.

Commentary: Given the habitat, growing on an orchid, it appears unlikely that this is a Hebeloma. Unfortunately no original materiual has been found.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis funariophilum (M.M. Moser) Locq. (1979) [“1977”]

Original diagnosis: Pileo subconico, umbonato, convexo, dein depresso, 0,8-3 cm lato, glutinoso, hygrophano, udo jove aquose flavobrunneo (similis Pholiotinae marginatae), margine pellucido striato, sicco pallide ochraceobrunneo, nudo, lamellis argillaceis, cinereo-fuscis, emarginatis, acie subserrulatis, 1-4 mm latis, plus minus confertis, stipites plerumque rigido, 2-8 cm longo, 1-4 mm crasso, plus minus aequali, albido sericeo, longitudinaliter fibrilloso, apice pruinoso, nunquam cum cortina sive velo preadito, carne albida, in basi stipites brunnea, odore subnullo vel dulcidulo, sapore amaro, sporis anguste amygdaliformibus, punctatis verrucosisve, 9-11 x 4,4-5,3 μm, basidiis 4-sterigmaticis, 25-40 x 4-8 μm, cheilocystidiis numerosis, ventricosis lageniformibusve, interdum subcapitatis, 25-30 x 4-8 μm, epicute gelatinoso. Habitatio in locis ambustis plerumque inter Funariam hygrometricam.

English translation: Pileus subconical, convex, then depressed, 0.8–3 cm broad, glutinous, hygrophanous, when young watery yellow-brown (like Pholiotina marginata), with translucently striate margin, when dry pale ochre-brown, glabrous. Lamellae clay-coloured, greyish brown, emarginate, with subserrulate edge, 1–4 mm broad, more or less crowded, stipe often rigid, 2–8 cm long, 1–4 mm broad, more or less equal, white sericeous, longitudinally fibrillose, with pruinose apex, never with distinct cortina or veil, odour practically nil or sweetish, taste bitter. Spores narrowly amygdaloid, punctate, 9–11 × 4.4–5.1 μm, basidia four-spored, 25–40 × 4–8 μm, cheilocystidia abundant, ventricose-lageniform, sometimes subcapitate, 25–30 × 4–8 μm, epicutis gelatinized. In burnt places often among Funarium hygrometricus.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular studies of the holotype this is: = Hebeloma pseudoamarescens (Kühner & Romagn.) P. Collin.

Types: AUSTRIA: Imsterau, Tirol (approx. 47.21°N, 10.7°E, alt. approx. 1215 m a.s.l.) on burnt soil in woodland, 3 Jun. 1965, M. Moser (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. IB19650008, HJB1000081).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma funariophilum M.M. Moser (1970)

Commentary: See Hebeloma funariophilum M.M. Moser.

Basionym: Agaricus fuscodiscus Peck [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) fuscodiscus"] (1875)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Sullivan County, Forestburgh (approx. 41.5733°N, 74.7257°W, alt. approx. 400 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland pastureland, Sep. 1873, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001306, HJB1000267).

Diagnosis: Pileus at first subviscid, conical, covered with blackish-brown fibrils, then campanulate or expanded, umbonate, whitish, the disk remaining blackish-brown; lamellae close, whitish then brownish, minutely rough on the edge: stem equal, solid, whitish and pruinose at the top, elsewhere brownish, fibrillose; spores .00035' long, 00018' broad. Plant 1'-3' high, pileus 6"-12" broad, stem 1"-2" thick. In an old pasture under trees. Forestbnrgh. Sept. (Plate 1, figs. 3-6.) The somewhat viscid pellicle is separable. The odor resembles that of chestnut blossoms.

Commentary: This species was originally described by Peck (1875) as Agaricus (Hebeloma) fuscodiscus and recombined by Saccardo (1887) as Hebeloma fuscodiscum and by Massee (1904) as Inocybe fuscodisca. The spores are smooth walled, on average 9 × 5.3 μm, the cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are ventricose with crystals at the apex, thus supporting the recombination into Inocybe. The recombination in 1702 Inocybe has been taken up in the North American literature since 1938 (see e.g. Smith and Hesler 1938; Grund and Stuntz 1970; Champignons du Québec: Inocybe fuscodisca (mycoquebec.org), accessed 28 Oct. 2021). Smith (1939) concluded, as did recently Matheny and Swenie (2018), that the taxon requires further study.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma fuscodiscum (Peck) Sacc. (1887)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Sullivan County, Forestburgh (approx. 41.5733°N, 74.7257°W, alt. approx. 400 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland pastureland, Sep. 1873, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001306, HJB1000267).

Commentary: See Hebeloma fuscodiscum (Peck) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-2 cm latus, convexus demum expansus, ad marginem griseofibrillosus, glabrescens, subviscidus, triste rufobrunneus vel ad marginem pallidior; odor et gustus mitis. Lamellae latae (ventricosae), confertae, adnatae, sordide cinnamomeae. Stipes 2-3 cm longus, 1.5 -2.5 mm crassus, aequalis, fragilis, deorsum tactu triste brunneus. Velum griseum, fibrillosum. Sporae 11-14 x 6.5-7.5 μm, dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia 38-65 x 5-11 x 4-6 μm, elongate fusoid-ventricosa, rare filamentosa, 36-70 x 4-6 μm.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-2 cm broad, convex then expanded, with greyish fibrils on the margin, becoming glabrous, slightly viscid, dull red-brown or paler on the margin; smell and taste mild. Lamellae broad (ventricose), crowded, adnate, dingy cinnamon. Stipe 2-3 cm long, 1.5-2.5 mm thick, equal, fragile, dull brown on handling towards base. Veil grey, fibrillose. Spores 11-14 x 6.5-7.5 μm, dextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 38-65 x 5-11 x 4-6 μm, elongate fusoid-ventricose, rarely filamentous, 36-70 x 4-6 μm.

Commentary: Unfortunately we have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Siebentischwald near Augsburg.

Original diagnosis: Fusiformi-radicatus B.: Spst. rothbraungelb; Sp. 10,12: 6, gelb; H. klebrig, blass ockerfarben, weiss, Mitte semmelfarben; L. g., weisslich ockerfarben bis fleischfarben und bräunlich ockerfarben; St. weisslich, unt. gelbroth bräunlich; Fl. wie der St. gefärbt, ohne Geruch; ist A. (Heb .) birrus sensu Gillet; Herbst; Siebentischwald bei Augsburg.

English translation: Fusiformi-radicatus B.: spore print reddish brown yellow; spores 10–12 × 6 μm, yellow. Pileus viscid, pale ochraceous, white; bread crust-coloured at centre; lamellae crowded, whitish ochraceous to incarnate and brown ochre; stipe whitish, yellow-red at base; context same colour as stipe; no odour. Is close to A. (Heb.) birrus sensu Gillet; Autumn. Siebentischwald near Augsburg.

Commentary: Judging from the protologue and figure 429 this clearly represents: = Hebeloma laterinum (Batsch) Vesterh.

Types: Not designated. Described from Germany, Siebentischwald near Augsburg.

Commentary: See Hebeloma fusiformiradicatum (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnosulo, convexo-gibboso, margine late infracto, viscido, albido-alutaceo, glabro, 2-4 cm. lato; lamellis latis, subdistantibus, postice sinuato-adnexis, cinnamomeis, acie albido fimbriata; stipite pallido, basi fusiformi-radicato, fibrilloso-glabrescente, e farcto subcavo, 6-8 cm. longo, 4-6 mm. crasso. Caro luride albida, ad basin stipitis fuscidula, odore subspirituoso-dulci, sapore miti; sporis subamygdaliformibus, vel obverse obovatis, luteis, 12-15 x 9-10 μ; basidiis c1avatis 30-35 x 9-10 μ. Hab. ad terram Vallumbrosae (Leg. U. Martelli). Obs. Pileus saepe rubro-maculatus. Hebelomati clavicipiti affinis.

English translation: Pileus thin-fleshed, convex-umbonate, with involute margin, viscid, white-yellowish, glabrous, 2–4 cm broad; lamellae broad, subdistant, sinuate-adnexed, cinnamon-coloured, with white fimbriate edge; stipe pale, with fusiform-radicating base, fibrillose, glabrescent, solid then hollow, 6–8 cm long, 4–6 mm thick. Context sordid yellow-white, brownish in base of stipe, odour subspirituous-sweet, taste mild. Spores subamygdaloid, or rounded-subovoid, yellow, 12–15 × 9–10 μm; basidia clavate, 30–35 × 9–10 μm. Terrestrial in Vallumbrosa (Leg. U. Martelli). Observations: pileus often reddish spotted. Close to Hebeloma clavipes.

Commentary: Unfortunately, we have not been able to generate any sequence from the holotype, but we have studied the morphology and the protologue. This species is clearly from Hebeloma sect. Sacchariolentia. We have measured the spores as, on average, 13.2 × 8.4 µm. There is no mention of the pileus cuticle breaking up into squamules, so this can only be: = Hebeloma nauseosum (Cooke) Sacc.

Types: ITALY: Tuscany, Vallombrosa, Florence, Arezzo (approx. 43.7319°N, 11.5578°E, alt. approx. 970 m a.s.l.), 1892, U. Martelli, det: G. Bresadola (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. S F16132, HJB1000008).

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis fusipes (Bres.) Locq. (1979) [“1977”]

Homotypic synonym of: Hebelomatis fusipes (Bres.) Locq. (1979) [“1977”]

Commentary: See Hebeloma fusipes Bres.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebeloma groegeri Bon (2002)

Original diagnosis: Cortina nulla. Pileo 1,8-5 cm lato, obtuse usque plane conico, late campanulato et obtuse umbonato, margine tamen usque ad senectutem inflexo vel (praecipue in iuventute) supra lamellas inducto et nonnumquam crenulato, in ambitu saepe irregulari, saepe parum excentrico, perfecte glabro in statu humescente glutinosiore, mox sicco, ad marginem interdum subtomentoso, rarissime (et maxime in margine inflexa) albido, ad marginem ochraceo, fulvo-ochraceo vel fumoso, alibi luteo-ochraceo, luteofusco vel sordide fusco-ochraceo, in centro etiam rufescenti-ochraceo. Lamellis fere distantibus, haud nimis latis (in adulto fungi in media parte lamellarum 5 mm latis sub pileo 2-3 mm crasso), parum undulatis usque grosse crenato-serratis, minutissime albide vel pallide ciliatis, angustissime adnexis vel profunde sinuatis, primo fusco-ochraceis vel instar coffeae cum lacte mixtae coloratis, deinde fumosis, laete olivaceis (non adeo obscuris ut in H. tomentoso vel H. latifolio), distincte olivascentibus (si ad superficiem spectes), nonnulis transverse venosis et inter se conjunctis. Stipite 3-6,5 x 0,3-0,7 (1) cm, pallido, deinde (primo deorsum) fuscescente, in summa parte subfarinaceo vel subpruinoso (nonnunquam etiam fere glabro), alibi glabro et innato-fibrilloso, +/- aequali, ad basim interdum leviter incrassato et saepius fere fusiformiter in substratu radicante, in iuventute deorsum etiam subclaviformi, raro breviter acuminato tantum, farcto. Carne amarescente vel distincte amara, albida, partim tamen in statu humescente hyalina, colore pelliculae pilei leviter invadente, in basi stipitis nigrescente. Odore fragrante, saponaceo, Hebelomati sacchariolenti simili. Basidiis 4-sporis, 39,5-46 x 10-12,2 μm. Sporis longius citriformibus vel amygdaliformibus, magnitudine valde inaequali, (11) 12-15,5 (17-19) x 6,5-7,8(8,5) μm, perspicue verrucosis, luteo-fuscis, partim leviter papillosis, cum duplici pariete, exosporio distincte levato. Cheilocystidiis fere 35-40 μm marginem lamellae superantibus, in iuventute subclaviformibus usque valde capitatis, deinde fere cylindraceis usque anguste claviformibus, 57-85 x (6) 7,5-12 (14-15) μm. Epicutis submucosa, hyphis laxe contextis, 2,5-4,5 μm crassis, nonnuliis crassiolibus intermixtis, constante.

English translation: Cortina absent. Pileus 1.8–5 cm broad, bluntly and plano-convex, broadly campanulate and bluntly umbonate, margin however, inflexed up to old age or (especially when young) exceeding the lamellae and never crenulate, in outline often irregular, often slightly eccentric, perfectly glabrous in moist state somewhat glutinous, soon dry, sometimes subtomentose at margin, very rarely whitish (and mostly at inflexed margin), at margin ochre, reddish ochre or smoke-brown, elsewhere yellow-ochre, yellow-brown or sordid reddish ochre, in centre reddish ochre. Lamellae more or less distant, not very broad (in mature basidiomes in middle part 5 mm broad, 2–3 mm wide under pileus), slightly undulate and coarsely crenulate-toothed, minutely white or pale ciliate, broadly adnexed or deeply sinuate, brown-ochre at first or milky coffee, then smoky-brown, bright olivaceous but not so dark as in H. tomentosum or H. latifolium), distinctly turning olivaceous if you look closely at the surface, sometimes transvenose or interconnected. Stipe 3–6.5 × 0.3–0.7 (1) mm, pallid, then (at first at base) turning brown, farinaceous to subpruinose in upper part, sometimes almost glabrous, white glabrous or innately fibrillose, more or less equal, sometimes slightly broadened at base, often almost fusiform, rooting in substrate, when young subclavate at base, rarely acuminate only, stuffed. Context bitterish to distinctly bitter, white, partly hyaline in humid state, the colour of the pileal surface slightly invading in the context, blackening in base of stipe. Odour fragrant, soapy, and similar to that of H. sacchariolens. Basidia four-spored, 39.5–46 × 10–12.5 μm. Spores long citriform or amygdaloid, large and rather unequal, (11) 12–15.5 (17–19) × 6.5–7.8 (8.5) μm, clearly verrucose, yellow-reddish brown, partly slightly papillose, with double wall, exosporium distinctly loosening. Cheilocystidia exceeding 35–40 μm the margin of the lamellae, subclaviform when young and strongly capitate, then more cylindrical to narrowly claviform, 57–85 × (6) 7.5–12 (14–15) μm. Epicutis subgelatinous, made up of intermixed hyphae, 2.5–4.5 μm wide, interspersed with wide hyphae.

Commentary: Unfortunately, we have been unable to amplify DNA and generate a sequence. However, we have been able to study the type material. The spores measure, on average, 15.2 × 8.6 μm and given the description of the pileus this is: = Hebeloma nauseosum (Cooke) Sacc.

Types: AUSTRALIA: Yarra Falls, nr Eltham (approx. 37.7972°S, 145.0008°E, alt. approx. 160 m a.s.l.), 27 Apr. 1889, H.T. Tisdall, det: M.C. Cooke, G. Massee (Holotype. held at herbarium K, HJB1000167).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma gigasporum (Cooke & Massee) Sacc. (1891)

Commentary: See Hebeloma gigasporum (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.

Basionym: Agaricus gigasporus Cooke & Massee [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) gigaspora"] (1889)

Types: AUSTRALIA: Yarra Falls, nr Eltham (approx. 37.7972°S, 145.0008°E, alt. approx. 160 m a.s.l.), 27 Apr. 1889, H.T. Tisdall, det: M.C. Cooke, G. Massee (Holotype. held at herbarium K, HJB1000167).

Homotypic synonyms: Inocybe gigaspora (Cooke & Massee) McAlpine (1895)

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnosulo, convexo-applanato, umbonato (1/2 unc. diam.), nudo, glabro, udo, luteo-fusco; stipite praemorso-radicato, fistuloso, aequali, vel basim incrassato (1.5 unc. long), glabro, pallidiore, mycelio profuso. Lamellis latis, adnatis, subeonfertis, olivaceis. Sporis majusculis, 18 x 8-9.

English translation: Pileus slightly fleshy, convex to applanate, umbonate (18 mm in diameter), naked, glabrous, moist, dark yellow; abruptly truncate-rooted, fistulose, equal, or enlarged at base (43 mm long), glabrous, paler mycelium very abundant. Lamellae broad, adnate, subcrowded, olivaceous. Spores slightly larger, !8 x 8-9.

Commentary: The spores are described by Pegler as large, ellipsoid and with germpore, which we have confirmed. Pegler thought it most likely to be from genus Phaeomarasmius.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma gigasporum (Cooke & Massee) Sacc. (1891)

Types: AUSTRALIA: Yarra Falls, nr Eltham (approx. 37.7972°S, 145.0008°E, alt. approx. 160 m a.s.l.), 27 Apr. 1889, H.T. Tisdall, det: M.C. Cooke, G. Massee (Holotype. held at herbarium K, HJB1000167).

Commentary: See Hebeloma gigasporum (Cooke & Massee) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1-3 cm latus, obtuse conicus, deinde late expansus vel umbonatus "Prout's Brown" deinde fulvus, ad marginem fibrillosus, glabrescens; odor pungens, gustus submitis. Lamellae pallidae demum cinnamomeae, confertae, latae, adnatae. Stipes 3-6 cm longus, 3-5 mm crassus, brunnescens, lacerato-fibrillosus. Velum griseoargillaceum. Sporae 8-10 (10.5) x 4.3-5 μm, ellipsoideae vel ovoideae, non dextrinoideae, subleves, pallide lutea cum "KOH." Cheilocystidia 40 -80 x 6-12 μm, fusoid-ventricosa, elongata.

English translation: Pileus 1-3 cm broad, obtusely conical, thereafter widely expanded or umbonate “Prout’s Brown” then fulvous, fibrillose on the margin, becoming glabrous; smell pungent, taste almost mild. Lamellae pale then cinnamon, crowded, broad, adnate. Stipe 3-6 cm long, 3-5 mm thick, discolouring brown, jagged-fibrillose. Veil greyish-argillaceous. Spores 8-10 (10.5) x 4.3-5 μm, ellipsoid or ovoid, indextrinoid, almost smooth, pale yellow in KOH. Cheilocystidia 40-80 x 6-12 μm, fusoid-ventricose, elongate.

Commentary: Based on morphology, habitat and a partial sequence from the isotype at DBG, this is: = Hebeloma alpinicola A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma glutinosum (P. Karst.) Quél. (1880) ["1879"]

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden, but see commentary under Hebeloma glutinosum (P. Karst.) Quél.

Homotypic synonyms: Agaricus glutinosus Lindgr. (1845)

Commentary: See Hebeloma glutinosum (P. Karst.) Quél.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden, but see commentary.

Homotypic synonyms: Agaricus glutinosus Lindgr. (1845)

Original diagnosis: Hatten regelbunden, m. klibbrig, beströdd med små, lösa, hvita fjäll, gulhvit; foten vid basen upsväld, hvitfjällig. Skogstrakt, blant vedstyck, r. Skand. Hut köttig, kullrig, äldre platt, trubbig, öfverdragen met et segt slem, i midten lergul, 9 cm. bred; foten köttig, fylld, i toppen hvitmjölig, vid basen stundom borsthårig, slutl. rostbrunaktig; hyllet tydligt; lamellerna fastväxta eller n. nedlöpande, urbugtade, tättsittande, breda, in början bleak, sedan ljusgulaktiga, slutl. Lerfärgade eller grått kanelbruna. Köttet hvit- eller gulaktigt, af en egendomlig mild lukt. Hebeloma Fr.

English translation: Pileus regular, strongly viscid, covered with small white flocks, yellowish white; stipe swollen at base, white floccose. In forest among woodchips. Rare, Scandinavia. Pileus fleshy, hemispherical, flat when old, obtuse, covered with a tough slime, leather yellow at centre, 9 cm broad; stipe fleshy, stuffed, white pruinose at apex, at base sometimes with stiff hairs, finally rusty brown; with distinct cavity; lamellae adnate or somewhat decurrent, emarginate, crowded, broad, pallid at first then pale yellow, finally leather coloured or greyish cinnamon. Context white or yellowish, with a peculiar, mild odour.

Commentary: Dennis (1949) draws attention to some watercolours received at Kew (K) in 1899. Amongst these are a number from J. Lindgren, including one of Agaricus (Hebeloma) glutinosus, probably painted in 1844–1845 and according to Dennis “apparently sketches of the type collections” (HJB1000209). Collection H 6030117 (HJB14143) was collected by Karsten in September 1878 and annotated by Karsten as Hebeloma glutinosum Lindgr., so may represent original material. Based on morphological and molecular analysis this material should be referred to Cortinarius delibutus. According to Konrad & Maublanc (1924–1937), this name is a synonym of Pholiota lenta (Pers.) Singer.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden, but see commentary under Hebeloma glutinosum (P. Karst.) Quél.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma glutinosum (P. Karst.) Quél. (1880) ["1879"]; Inocybe glutinosa P. Karst. (1879)

Commentary: See Hebeloma glutinosum (P. Karst.) Quél.

Original diagnosis: Pileo brunneolo-gilvo margine albidogilvo, levi, glabro, nudo, viscido, obtuso, 38 mm cc. lato; lamellis haud lacrimantibus rotundato- vel sinuato-adnexis; stipite albo, apice fibrilloso-pruinoso nec non minute fibrilloso usque ad basin sed in tertio inferno glabrescente, subaequali vel basin versus subattenuato, neque radicante neque bulboso, 55 x 5-6 mm cc.; velo nullo; carne alba; odore saporeque raphanaceis. Sporis 9-12 x 5-5.8 μm, fusoideis, ornamentatione granulatopunctata asperulatis, apice subacutis rarius obtusis sed poro germinativo calloque destitutis, tegumento perisporiali vix manifesta; cheilocystidiis 45-68 x 5.5-14 μm ellispoideo-pedicellatis vel clavato-pedicellatis; epicute ixotrichodermiali; hypodermio ex hyphis pigmento incrustatis, cutiformiter dispositis efformato; dernatocystidiis nullis. - Inter folia dejecta quercina nec non Burserae, Quercu oleoidi associata species. Typus a Singer et Gomez (B 12445) in Guanacaste, Costa Rica, lectus et in F conservatus.

English translation: Pileus brownish-yellow, whitish-yellow on the margin, smooth, glabrous, bare, viscid, obtuse, about 38 mm broad; lamellae not beaded, rounded- or sinuate-adnexed; stipe white, fibrillose-pruinose at the apex and also minutely fibrillose down to the base, but becoming glabrous on the lower third, almost equal or slightly tapered towards the base, neither rooting nor bulbous, about 55 x 5-6 mm; veil none; context white; smell and taste raphanoid. Spores 9-12 x 5-5.8 μm, fusoid, roughened because of a granulate-punctate ornamentation, with subacute more rarely obtuse apex but lacking a germ pore and callus, perisporial wall hardly visible; cheilocystidia 45-68 x 5.5-14 μm ellipsoid-stipitate or clavate-stipitate; epicutis an ixotrichoderm; hypoderm a cutis made up of hyphae with encrusting pigment; dermatocystidia none. – Species [found] in oak leaf litter and associated with Bursera, Quercus oleoides. Typus collected by Singer and Gomez (B 12445) at Guanacaste, Costa Rica, and conserved at F.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma sordidulum Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: Alabama: Auburn (approx. 32.6097°N, 82.4808°W, alt. approx. 80 m a.s.l.) on soil in coniferous woodland under Pinus sp., 26 Dec. 1899, F.S. Earle, det: W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814867, HJB1000273).

Diagnosis: Pileus convex to expanded, rather thin, gregarious, 2-2.5 cm. broad; surface smooth, glabrous, viscid, pale-yellowish-brown, sometimes slightly darker on the disk, margin entire, concolorous; lamellae adnate or slightly sinuate, subcrowded, many times inserted, rather narrow, creamy-white, becoming pale-dingy-yellowish-brown; spores ovoid, smooth, melleous under the microscope, 8-9 X 5-6 μ; stipe slender, concolorous, smooth, glabrous, about 5 cm. long and 3 mm. thick; veil slight, arachnoid, evanescent.

Commentary: Pholiota gregariiformis was originally described by Murrill (1917) as Hebeloma gregariiforme. The smooth ovoid spores (7–9 × 4.5–6 µm) have a clearly visible germ pore. The cheilocystidia were largely ventricose, often utriform and chrysocystidia were observed, mainly ventricose with a long neck. An ITS sequence was generated from the holotype. Both morphological and molecular results, support the recombination into Pholiota. The ITS sequence generated from the type clustered within what Tian and Matheny (2021) referred to the clade of P. subgen. Flammuloides, under the provision that the type of the subgenus, for which no type has been sequenced, would be a member of this clade. The pileus surface, not scaly according to the original description by Murrill (1917), meets the definition of the subgenus by Jacobsson (2018). There appears to be some confusion, whether all members of this clade (and species in the P. sect. Flammuloides key of Jacobsson 2018) indeed lack chrysocystidia (Gröger 2014; Tian and Matheny 2021), or more generally, whether the morphological circumscription of the subgenus agrees with the clade.

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy but thin, hemispherical or convex, obtuse or rarely with a small inconspicuous umbo, slightly viscid when moist, glabrous or slightly silky on the margin from the remains of the veil, pale ochraceous­yellow, sometimes with a slight reddish or tawny tint in the center, flesh whitish; lamellae thin, close, adnate, at first whitish. then subcinnamon; stem slender, stuffed or hollow, whitish, fibrillose, slightly mealy or pruinose at the top; spores elliptical, .0004 to .00045 in. long, .00024 broad [10.2-11.4 x 6.1 µm]. Pileus 8 to 16 lines broad [20.3-40.6 mm]; stem 1.5 to 2 in. long [38.1-50.8 mm], 1 to 2 lines thick [2.5-5.1 mm]. Sandy soil in heathy places. Delmar. October. This small species belongs to the section Pusilli. The pileus is sometimes longitudinally rimose, and sometimes split on the margin in such a way as to cause it to appear stellately lobed. Sometimes a colored band appears on the stem by reason of the spores lodging on the slight adhering remnants of the veil. A slight radish-like odor is perceptible when the pileus is cut or broken. The plants grow gregariously and bear some resemblance to Naucoria semiorbicularis, but the color of the spores and of the mature lamellae abundantly distinguishes the species.

Commentary: This species belongs to Hebeloma sect. Hebeloma, owing to the small ellipsoid to ovoid yellow spores and the ventricose to lageniform cheilocystidia. The morphology, together with the ITS sequence, support this species as a later synonym of H. mesophaeum. Hence this is: = Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1-3.5 cm latus, obtusus demum convexus vel planus, griseocanescens, glabrescens, ad centrum atrobrunneus; odor et gustus mitis. Lamellae confertae, latae, adnatae, griseae demum obscure cinnamomeae, brunneomaculatae. Stipes 2-3.5 cm longus, 1.5-3 mm crassus, rufobrunneus, griseo-fibrillosus, tarde striatus. Velum cinereum, evanescens. Sporae 8-10 (11) x 5-6 μm, in "KOH" ochraceae, subleves, oblongae vel ellipsoideae, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia versiformia: 18-27 x 8-15 μm, utriformia vel clavata; 36-40 x 8-11 x 4-6 μm, elongate fusoid-ventricosa, + 50 x 6-8 p.m, elongate clavata.

English translation: Pileus 1-3.5 cm broad, obtuse, then convex or applanate, greyish hoary, becoming glabrous, dark brown on the disc; smell and taste mild. Lamellae crowded, broad, adnate, grey finally dull cinnamon, spotted brown. Stipe 2-3.5 cm long, 1.5-3 mm thick, reddish-brown, with greyish fibrils, striate in age. Veil grey, vanishing. Spores 8-10 (11) x 5-6 μm, ochraceous in KOH, almost smooth, oblong or ellipsoid, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia versiform: 18-27 x 8-15 μm, utriform or clavate; 36-40 x 8-11 x 4-6 μm elongate fusoid-ventricose, ± 50 x 6-8 μm elongate clavate.

Commentary: Unfortunately we have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma alpinicola A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-2 cm latus, obtuse campanulatus, fibrillosus, siccus, violaceo-brunneus demum griseobrunneus. Contextus pallide brunneus, odor et gustus subraphanicus, Lamellae latae, confertae, adnatae, griseobrunneae. Stipes 2-3 cm longus, 3-3.5 mm crassus, pallidus, deorsum argillaceus. Velum copiosum, pallide griseum subannulatum. Sporae 9-12.5 x 7-9 (10) μm, dextrinoideae, in "KOH" argillaceae, subleves. Cheilocystidia 47-90 x 5-11 x 3-5 μm, ad basin ventricosa, rare cylindrica. Cuticula pileorum ixocutis est.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-2 cm broad, obtusely campanulate, fibrillose, dry, violaceous-brown then grey-brown. Context pale brown, smell and taste slightly raphanoid. Lamellae broad, crowded, adnate, greyish-brown. Stipe 2-3 cm long, 3-3.5 mm thick, pale, argillaceous towards base. Veil abundant, pale gray, subannulate. Spores 9-12.5 x 7-9 (10) μm, dextrinoid, argillaceous in KOH, almost smooth. Cheilocystidia 47-90 x 5-11 x 3-5 μm, ventricose at base, rarely cylindrical. The pileus cuticle is an ixocutis.

Commentary: Unfortunately we have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Basionym: Agaricus griseoscabrosus Peck [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) griseoscabrosus"] (1873)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Albany County, Bethlehem (approx. 42.5779°N, 73.8184°W, alt. approx. 50 m a.s.l.) in woodland under Pinus sp., Oct. 1872, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001425, HJB1000266).

Diagnosis: Pileus hemispherical or convex, dry, rough with scales and appressed fibres, cinereous, the margin whitish when young; lamellae close, broad, whitish, then ochraceous-brown; stem firm, solid, fibrillose or slightly scaly, subconcolorous; spores smooth, .00035' x .0002'. Plant gregarious, 1.5'-2' high, pileus 6"-10" broad, stem 1"-1.5'" thick. Ground in open pine woods. Bethlehem. October.

Commentary: This taxon was originally described by Peck (1873b) as Agaricus (Hebeloma) griseoscabrosus and recombined by Saccardo (1887) as Hebeloma griseoscabrosum. The spores are smooth walled, on average 11 × 5.7 μm, cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are present, ventricose to utriform, thus supporting the recombination into Inocybe. Already Kaufman (1924) and Grund and Stuntz (1980) reported the species from various places in North America; Kuyper (1990) described a collection from Sweden under the name of I. griseoscabrosa. Kuyper (1986, 1990) saw it as a sister species of I. squarrosa; Matheny (17 Jan 2020, http://inocybaceae.org/keys/Key_Inocybaceae_easternNA_v07.pdf, status accessed 23 Oct 2021) keyed it out next to I. subochracea.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma griseoscabrosum (Peck) Sacc. (1887)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Albany County, Bethlehem (approx. 42.5779°N, 73.8184°W, alt. approx. 50 m a.s.l.) in woodland under Pinus sp., Oct. 1872, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001425, HJB1000266).

Commentary: See Hebeloma griseoscabrosum (Peck) Sacc.

Diagnosis: Pileus 2-2.5 cm latus, demum planus vel obscure umbonatus, umbrinorufus deinde sordide fulvus, subviscidus, leviter fibrillosus, canescens; contextus tenuis, pallide argillaceus, odor et gustus mitis. Lamellae adnatae, confertae, angustae demum sublatae. Stipes 3-4 cm longus, 3-5 mm crassus, deorsum fulvus, griseofibrillosus. Velum griseum, fibrillosum. Sporae 9-12 x 4.5-6 μm, inequilaterales, minute rugulosae. Basidia tetraspora. Pleurocystidia nulla. Cheilocystidia fusoide ventricosa vel subclavata, 42-70 x 4-10 μm, et 27 x 9 Pileus 2-2.5 cm broad, finally applanate or indistinctly umbonate, dark brown-red then dull tawny, somewhat viscid, slightly fibrillose, hoary; context thin, pale argillaceous, smell and taste mild. Lamellae adnate, crowded, narrow then moderately broad. Stipe 3-4 cm long, 3-5 mm thick, fulvous downwards, with grey fibrils. Veil grey, fibrillose. Spores 9.12 x 4.5-6 μm, inequilateral, minutely roughened. Basidia 4-spored. Pleurocystidia none. Cheilocystidia fusoid-ventricose or subclavate, 42-70 x 4-10 μm, and 27 x 9 μm.

Commentary: Unfortunately we have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma marginatulum (J. Favre) Bruchet.

Basionym: Agaricus griseus Cooke & Massee [as " Agaricus (Hebeloma) griseus"] (1892)

Types: AUSTRALIA: Victoria: (approx. 38.018°S, 145.3°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland, 1892, J.M. Martin, det: M.C. Cooke, G. Massee (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139671, HJB1000050).

Diagnosis: Agaricus (Hebeloma) griseus, Cke. & Mass. Single or gregarious. Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming flattened (6 -8 cm. diam.), mouse-grey or pale silver grey, glutinous, smooth, shining when dry. Stem equal, or thickened at the base when young, attenuated when old (3 cm. long, 1-1½ cm. thick), solid, or stuffed, whitish, a little mealy at apex; veil arachnoid, white, fugacious. Gills adnate, with a decurrent tooth, rather broad, ferruginous. Spores 7-8 x 3 µ., bright brown. Odour un­ pleasant.

Commentary: These are very small dextrinoid amygdaloid spores. But the protologue mentions a fugacious veil. This is more likely to be a Cortinarius.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma griseum McAlpine (1895)

Types: AUSTRALIA: Victoria: (approx. 38.018°S, 145.3°E, alt. approx. 20 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland, 1892, J.M. Martin, det: M.C. Cooke, G. Massee (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)139671, HJB1000050).

Commentary: See Hebeloma griseum McAlpine.

Types: GERMANY: Thuringia, Siebleber Teich, Gotha (approx. 50.937°N, 10.7632°E, alt. approx. 280 m a.s.l.) under Salix sp., 28 Sep. 1978, F. Gröger (Holotype. held at herbarium JE, HJB1000148).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma gigaspermum Gröger & Zschiesch. (1981)

Commentary: See Hebeloma gigaspermum Gröger & Zschiesch.

Types: JAPAN: Hokkaido, Sapporo Botanic Garden, Ishikari, Sapporo (approx. 43.0639°N, 141.3426°E, alt. approx. 30 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland clearing, 4 Jul. 1932, S. Imai (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. SAPA10000035 (No. 312), HJB1000374).

Original diagnosis: Caespitosum. Pileo 4-8 cm. Iato, conico-convexo, dein umbonato, glabro, non viscido, cinnamomeo, margine pallidiore; carne roseola, odore subfarinaeeo, sapore aeri; lamellis emarginatis vel adnexis, eonfertis, primo "vinaeeous-buff", dein fulvis; stipite 5-8 em. longo, 8-16 mm. erasso, aequali vel attenuato, albo, obsolete fibrilloso, apiee furfuraeeo, eavo; sporis in eumulo fulvo-ferrugineis, ellipsoideis, laevibus, 8-10 X 4-5 µ; eystidiis laneeolatis vel subcylindrico-clavatis, saepe cristallatis, subhyalinis, 50-72.5 x 10-14 µ.

English translation: Caespitose. Pileus 4-8 cm broad, conical to convex, then umbonate, glabrous, non-viscid, cinnamon, paler on the margin; context pale flesh-coloured, smell almost mealy, taste acrid; lamellae emarginate or adnexed, crowded, at first "vinaceous-buff“, then fulvous; stipe 5-8 cm long, 8-16 mm thick, equal or attenuate, white, indistinctly fibrillose, scurfy at the apex, fistulose; spores fulvous-rusty in mass, ellipsoid, smooth, 8-10 x 4-5 μ; cystidia lanceolate or subcylindrical-clavate, often bearing crystals, subhyaline, 50-72.5 x 10-14 μ.

Commentary: Our examination of the type material is in good agreement with the description given by Imai (1938). Imai also mentions the caespitose habit of this species, and the presence of crystals on the cystidia. Morphologically, it appears to be closely related or even conspecific with Ho. spadiceum. Spore size of Ho. spadiceum is, according to Vašutová (2008), 8–9.5 × 4–5 μm, average 8.7 × 4.7 μm, Q 1.6–2.2 (−2.3) and according to Enderle (1989) who later collected the specimen that was selected as epitype by Örstadius (2001) (8.0)9–10.2(11) × 4.2–5.2(5.6) μm. Both authors stress the light spore colour of the species, under the microscope in water and in the spore deposit, according to Vašutová (2008) brick-beige (S40Y60M5, Küppers 1999). Vašutová (2008) suspected that Smith (1972) concept of Psathyrella spadicea might not coincide with what is called Ho. spadiceum in Europe, citing a difference in spore deposit colour as indication. Imai (1938) described the spores of Ho. helvolescens as cinnamon; S40Y60M5 (Küppers 1999) is lighter and more greenish than cinnamon; under the microscope the spores of Ho. helvolescens appear distinctly colored. The ITS of the eptitype of Ho. spadiceum is sequenced, as is the holotype of Ho. helvolescens and both are included in the “Homophron spacideum s.l.” clade of Fig. 3. This clade includes a number of supported (and unsupported) subclades that appear to have restricted geographical distributions. However, the sequence variation underlying these clades is so small (see scale in Fig. 3) and the data is only from a single locus that we hesitate to recognize them as hypotheses of distinct species. Vašutová et al. (2008) stressed that ITS is not sufficient for delimiting species in the Psathyrellaceae. Thus, it is not clear whether Ho. helvolescens is indeed a later synonym of Ho. spadiceum. Japanese name: Ko-wakafusa-take (Imai 1938).

Original diagnosis: Carnoso, hemisphaerico, levi, glabro, subviscido, flavo-fusco, circa marginem albido-sericeo, 2.5 cm lato, carne albo; stipite aequali, basi bulbosa, solido, sursum cavo, obsolete fibrilloso-striato, albo vel albido, intus concolore, 3 cm alto, 3 mm crasso; bulbo 5-6 mm diametro ; lamellis lanceatis, adnatis, acie remote denticulatis, confertissimis, fuscis, postice 2.5-3 mm latis; sporis flavo-fuscis, ovatis, 7-8 x 4 μm Zwischen Rasen in den Anlagen bei St. Goar; steht dem H. medianum Br. am nächsten.

English translation: Fleshy, hemispherical, smooth, glabrous, subviscid, yellow-brown, whitish and shiny towards margin, 2.5 cm broad, context white; stipe equal with bulbous base, solid, upwards hollow, sordid fibrillose-striate, white to whitish, inner part concolourous, 3 cm high, 3 mm broad, bulb 5–6 mm in diam.; lamellae lanceolate, adnate, edge slightly denticulate, very crowded, brown, 2.5–3 mm broad behind; spores yellow-brown, 7–8 × 4 μm. In the grass in the Anlagen near St. Goar; closest to H. medianum Br.

Commentary: Judging from the protologue, and in particular the size of the spores 7–8 × 4 µm, this is most likely not a Hebeloma.

Types: GERMANY: Thuringia, between "Hohe Sonne" and Wilhelmstal near Eisenach (approx. 50.93°N, 10.32°E, alt. approx. 300 m a.s.l.) in mixed woodland, 9 Oct. 1982, not recorded (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. no reference number, HJB1000591; Isotype. held at herbarium JE, HJB1000020; Isotype. held at herbarium JE, HJB1000125).

Homotypic synonyms: Hebeloma birrus var. herrmanniae (Gröger) Gminder (2010)

Original diagnosis: Pileus 10-43 mm latus, convexus, tectus pellicula tenaciter glutinosa, centro rugosa (ad verrucosa), brunnea ad rufo-brunnea, in margine pallidiore. Lamellae confertae, dilute brunneae, in margine siccae. Stipes 70-90 mm altus, 6-9 mm latus, basi subbulbosus, fibrillosus, inferne fuscescens. Cortina manifesta superficie stipitis. Odor leviter fungosus non raphanoideus; sapor leviter amarellus. Sporae amygdaliformes, verrucosae, ectospora separata, 8-10 x 4.8-5.5 μm. Cheilocystldio brevia. 25-35 (-45) x 5-7 μm, primo inferne dilatata deinde subaequalia vel superne parum dilatata. Epicutis normalis.

English translation: Pileus 10–43 mm broad, convex, with thin glutinous epicutis, rugose to verrucose at centre, brown to reddish brown, paler at margin. Lamellae crowded, pale brown, with dry edge. Stipe 70–90 mm long, 6–9 mm broad, with subbulbous base, fibrillose, internally turning brown. Cortina manifest on surface of stipe. Odour slightly mushroomy, not raphanoid. Spores amygdaloid, with separating ectosporium, 8–10 × 4.8–5.5 μm. Cheilocystidia short, 25–35(–45) × 5–7 μm, first with swollen base, then more or less equal or with septum. Epicutis normal.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular studies of the holotype, this is: = Hebeloma pumilum J.E. Lange.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 3-5 cm latus, convexus demum late convexus vel subplanus, subviscidus, sordide cinnamomeus vel dilute rufobrunneus, ad marginem griseobrunneus et fibrillosus; velum griseum. Contextus dilute brunneus vel pallidus, odor pungens (subraphaninus). Lamellae adnatae, pallidae demum subalutaceae vel subfulvae, latae, confertae. Stipes 4-6 cm longus, 5-9 mm crassus, pallidus, deorsum triste fulvus, sursum pruinosus. Sporae 9-13 x 5-6 μm, inequilaterales, tarde dextrinoideae, minute rugulosae vel subleves. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia versiforma: (1) (20) 34-85 x 7-10 μm, cylindrica vel elongate clavata; (2) 34-85 x 7-10 μm, fusoide ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 3-5 cm broad, convex then broadly convex or subapplanate, dull cinnamon or watery reddish-brown, greyish-brown and fibrillose on the margin; veil grey. Context watery brown or pale, smell pungent (subraphanoid). Lamellae adnate, pale then pale whitish-yellow or almost fulvous, broad, crowded. Stipe 4-6 cm long, 5-9 mm thick, pale, dull fulvous downwards, pruinose above. Spores 9-13 x 5-6 μm, inequilateral, slowly dextrinoid, minutely roughened or almost smooth. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilocystidia versiform: (1) (20) 34-85 x 7-10 μm, cylindrical or elongate clavate; (2) 34-85 x 7-10 μm, fusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: According to the protologue, the holotype is in DBG. Unfortunately we have not been able to locate it there. An isotype from MICH was studied; if the holotype is lost then this isotype could become a lectotype. We have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data from this isotype. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

No holotype could be located; it is presumed lost. The icon, selected as lectotype, is mentioned within the protologue and hence suitable as a lectotype.

Original diagnosis: Majus, 6-8 cm. altum, fuscum. Pileus convexus, squamulis minutissimis crebre granulosus, expansus saepe transversim rimosus. Pediculus ad basim paululum attenuatus fusco-fibrillosus, ad apicem pallidiorem furfuraceus, solidus sed saepe parte supera cavus. Lamellae latae, adnatae, cinnamomeae. Basidia clavata, 2-4 spora, 40-45 μ long, 8-10 μ crassa. Sporae majores fulvaee, ovato-fusiformes, utrinque subapiculatae, minutissime verruculosae, intus saepius biguttulatae, 20-21 μ long., 8-10 μ crassae. Caro pallida sed in stipite precipue ad basim paululum fusco-rubescens. Odor gravis exacte Heb. sacchariolentis simulans sed gravior. Arbois primo legit Octobro amicus Hetier cui dicavi, dein prope Lugdunum a Dr. Riel repertum.

English translation: Large, 6–8 cm high, dark brown. Pileus convex, with minute squamules densely granulose, expanding often rimose. Stipe slightly attenuated towards base, dark brown, fibrillose, at apex paler furfuraceous, solid but in upper part often hollow. Lamellae broad, adnate, cinnamon coloured. Basidia clavate, 2–4 spored, 40–45 m long, 8–10 μm wide. Spores in mass reddish brown, ovate-fusiform, subapiculate at both ends, minutely warted, biguttulate, 20–21 μm long, 8–10 μm wide. Context pallid, but in stipe, especially at base, weakly turning reddish brown. Odour strong (heavy), exactly like that of Hebeloma sacchariolens but stronger. First collected in Arbois in October by my friend Hetier to whom this species is dedicated, then reported from Lyon by Dr. Riel.

Commentary: Unfortunately, we have been unable to locate original material. However, based on the protologue, where we suspect the spore size has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that this is: = Hebeloma odoratissimum (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Types: Boudier, Bulletin trimestriel de la Société Mycologique de France 33: 146 (1917) pl. 160.1, lectotype (icon) designated by Eberhardt et al., Fungal Biol. 120: (2015) ["2016"] page 98 (MBT202913)

FRANCE: Normandy, Foret Andaines (48.5808°N, 0.4583°W, alt. approx. 170 m a.s.l.) on boggy soil and litter in mixed woodland under Fagus sp. and Quercus sp., 7 Oct. 2006, H.J. Beker (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR BR-MYCO 174905-14 (epitype), C C-F-92314 (isoepitype), HJB11704). Epitype designated by Eberhardt et al., Fungal Biol. 120: (2015) ["2016"] page 98 (MBT202768).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma hiemale Bres. (1898)

Commentary: See Hebeloma hiemale Bres.

Types: Not designated. Described from Sweden.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma mesophaeum var. holophaeum (Fr.) Sacc. (1887)

Commentary: see Hebeloma mesophaeum var. holophaeum (Fr.) Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis (approx. 38.6128°N, 90.2594°W, alt. approx. 160 m a.s.l.) on grassy, nutrient-enriched soil and dung in urban garden, 3 Jun. 1919, E.A. Burt, det: C.H. Kauffman (Isotype. herbarium acc. no. MICH 10750, HJB1000370; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. FH 00533811, HJB1000555).

The collection from FH is from Burt Herb. and is mentioned in the protologue.

Diagnosis: Hebeloma hortense Burt, n. sp. Plate 3 §Denudata. Pileus glabrous, veil absent from the first. Type: in Mo. Bot. Gard. Herb., 54130, and in Burt Herb. Pileus fleshy, convex, umbonate, becoming expanded, even, glabrous, pale Isabellar color when moist, becoming cartridge­buff, with the umbo pinkish buff, the margin slightly inrolled when very young; flesh whitish, farinaceous; odor not disagreeable, not of radishes; lamellae broad, slightly sinuate, moderately close, white at first, becoming Isabella-color, the edge entire and not distilling drops; stem fleshy, hollow, equal or slightly bulbous at the base, fibrillose:), mealy above when young, with no trace of a veil or cortina; spores. Rood's brown in spore collection, even, 10- 11 x 6 µ,, borne in fours on protruding basidia; no cystidia present or not noteworthy. Pileus 4-10 cm. broad; stem 4-9 cm. long, 4-10 mm. thick. In cultivated borders where a straw manure had been worked into the ground. St. Louis, Missouri. Abundant in early June after prolonged rains. The fructifications occur singly or in small clusters of two or three. This species is noteworthy in its genus by ·absence of viscidity and odor of radishes, and by its large size and occurrence in abundance in cultivated ground. Nearly all other species of Hebeloma are inhabitants of forests and occur there sparingly. Fresh specimens have a pleasant farinaceous taste and odor, and keep well. This species is edible and with a pleasant and distinctive flavor.

Commentary: Following both molecular and morphological analysis of the isotype at MICH and the collection in FH from Burt. Herb. (mentioned in the protologue), this is confirmed as an Agrocybe.

Types: Type not found. Described from Switzerland, Bern, in the former hospital garden in late autumn.

Original diagnosis: Pileus e disco carnoso attenuatus, expansus, umbonatus, margine primo subinvoluto araneoso-fibrosovelato, dein inflexo nonnihil introflexo, laevis, siccus, spadiceus aut badius, marginem versus pallescens et veli vestigia fibrillis vulso diutius retinens. Lamellae sordide carneae, cinnamomeae, vix confertae, postice rotundato adnatae interdum cum denticulo minutissimo, acie pl.m. distincte serrulata et primitus albicante. Stipes teres flexuosus, basi obtusa non aut parum incrassata, fibroso-subtenax, extus fibrillis laxis parce obsitus, sursum albicans pruinosus, deorsum infuscatus, tubulus cum appendicula subulata carnosa e pilei substantia in tubulum descendenti. Pilei caro albida, sub brunnescens; stipes extus intusque concolor usque ad 6 centim. dilatatus, lamellae circiter 6 mm latae; stipes 6-7 centim. longus, 6-7 millim. crassus.

English translation: Pileus attenuate from the fleshy disk, expanded, umbonate, with the margin at first more or less involute arachnoid fibrous veiled, thereafter inflexed somewhat introflexed, smooth, dry, dark reddish brown to dull reddish brown, towards the margin becoming pale, and of the velum remnants with fibres usually long persistent. Lamellae dirty flesh-coloured, pale brown, not very close together, at the back rounded, adnate, sometimes with a very small tooth, with the edge more or less distinctly serrulate and at first whitish. Stipe terete, flexuose, at base obtuse or a little thickened, fibrose a bit tough, outside sparsely covered with lax fibrils, white pruinose at apex, towards base turning brownish, cavity ending in a point, and flesh of pileus descending in stipe cavity. Pileus with white flesh turning brown; stipe outer and inner side concolourous, up to 6 cm broad, lamellae circa 6 mm broad; stipe 6–7 cm long, 6–7 mm broad.

Commentary: From the protologue it does appear very likely that this is a Hebeloma from Hebeloma sect. Hebeloma. With the pileus described as two-coloured, reddish brown in the centre and becoming paler towards the margin, this could be H. mesophaeum, but the given stipe width is quite large for this species. We conclude that without original material we cannot give an unambiguous determination.

Types: Type not found. Described from Switzerland, Bern, in the former hospital garden in late autumn.

Commentary: See Hebeloma horticola (G.H. Otth) Sacc.

Types: NETHERLANDS: Overijssel, prov. Overijssel nr Rijssen (approx. 52.48°N, 6.42°E, alt. approx. 35 m a.s.l.) on fallen branch in mixed woodland under Pinus sylvestris, 24 Oct. 1943, W.F. Smits, W.J. Reuvecamp, det: H.S.C. Huijsman (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. L0053521, HJB1000038).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebelomina neerlandica Huijsman (1978); Hebelomina microspora Huijsman (1946); Hebelomina microspora Huijsman ex Huijsman (1978)

Commentary: See Hebelomina neerlandica Huijsman.

English translation: 5 cm broad, fleshy, smooth, non-striate, somewhat depressed, pale hazel brown, very finely velvety-fibrillose; stipe short, 3 cm high, 5 mm thick, white, white-woolly at base, rooting, for the rest white-squamulose, squarrulose, curved in the lower portion, broadened towards the base; lamellae segmentiform, crowded, of different length, adnexed, also emarginate or emarginate with a tooth, very pale pink, then pale. Spores 6-7 x 4-5 μm, roughened, ovoid, argillaceous-red, yellowish under the microscope. Smell none, taste faintly mealy. Basidia clearly clavate, 24 x 10 μm; cystidia rare, cylindrical, narrow. For the spores completely different from H. austroamericanum.

Commentary: In the diagnosis, the term "polymacriis" is a Greek compound, rarely used and taken to mean “of many dimensions”; referring to lamellae it probably should be interpreted as “of various length”. Thus far we have been unable to study type material of this taxon. Based on the diagnosis, it is not possible to determine whether this is a Hebeloma.

Types: JAPAN: Hokkaido, Ishikari, Sapporo (approx. 43.1714°N, 141.3155°E, alt. approx. 5 m a.s.l.) on decomposed litter, wood in garden, 25 Jun. 1935, S. Imai (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. SAPA10000033 (No. 384), HJB1000376). Lectotype designated by Eberhardt et al., Mycol. Prog. 21: (2022) page 458 (MBT10001751).

Original diagnosis: Gregarium vel subcaespitosum. Pileo 3-7 cm. lato, hemisphaerico vel gibboso, dein subplano, laevi, submelleo, raro hygrophano, margine nudo; carne albida, sapore subacri, odore subfarinaceo; lamellis sinuatis vel emarginatis, eonfertis, primo griseis, dein cinnamomeis, acie albo-fimbriatis; stipite 2.5-6 em. longo, 3-10 mm. crasso, aequali, basi incrassato, albido vel subconcolori, fibrilloso, apiee subfurfuraceo, cavo; vela nullo; sporis in eumulo cinnamomeis, ellipsoideis, 10-1l.5 x 7-8 µ, asperulis; eystidiis subfusoideo-ventricosis.

English translation: Gregarious or subcaespitose. Pileus 3-7 cm broad, hemispherical or lumpy, then subapplanate, smooth, pale honey, rarely hygrophanous, with smooth margin; context whitish, taste slightly acrid, smell almost mealy; lamellae sinuate or emarginate, crowded, at first grey, then cinnamon, edge white, fimbriate; stipe 2.5-6 cm long, 3-10 mm thick, cylindraceous with enlarged base, whitish or subconcolorous, fibrillose, apex slightly scurfy, fistulose; veil none; spores in mass cinnamon, ellipsoid, 10-11.5 x 7-8 μ, slightly roughened; cystidia subfusoid-ventricose.

Commentary: There are two collections (SAPA 10000033 and SAPA 10000034) at SAPA, marked as syntypes. The material selected as lectotype fits the original description by Imai (1938) who gives the spore size as 10–1 l.5 × 7–8 μm. This matches most closely with our measurements for SAPA 10000033 (10.1–13.3 × 6.9–9.5 μm, av. 11.1 × 7.7 μm, av. Q 1.44) for which we also have an ITS sequence. The other collection, SAPA 10000034, also appears to be an Agrocybe, with elliptical, smooth, pale brown, thick-walled spores, with a conspicuous germ pore, on av. 13.3 × 8.9 μm (11.8–14.7 × 8.0–10.1 μm), with av. spore Q 1.50. The cheilocystidia are ventricose; the pleurocystidia are similar. The spores of A. smithii (Watling and Bigelow 1983) and of the type of A. flexuosipes (Eberhardt et al., in press) are around the same size (11–13.5 × 6.5–8 μm respectively 12.1 × 7.7 μm) as the spores of A. humosa. Whereas the spores of the former two species are described as (indistinctly) ornamented, the spores observed in the lectotype of A. humosa are smooth. The spores of A. putaminum are described as 10–13 × 5–7 μm, thus somewhat narrower than in A. humosa, but also smooth (Maire 1913). Both morphology (without annulus, yellowish tones in pileus, spore size, and prominent germ pore) and sequence data suggest that A. humosa is closely related with A. smithii, A. putaminum, or other related species (Nauta 2005). Another closely related species is A. flexuosipes (Eberhardt et al., in press). However, none of these species matches the type of A. humosa sufficiently closely for synonymization. Japanese name: Ki-wakafusa-take (Imai 1938).

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-3.5 cm latus, convexus demum late expansus vel planus, viscidus nitens laete fulvus demum alutaceus; sapor amarus; odor mitis. Lamellae confertae latae adnatae demum sinuatae, cinnamomeobrunneae. Stipes 2.5-5 cm longus, 2-4.5 mm crassus, aequalis, cavus, albidus, deorsum tarde brunnescens, leviter fibrillosus; velum sparsum, evanescens. Sporae 7-9.5 x 5-6 µm, valde dextrinoideae, rugulosae, fulvae in "KOH." Cheilocystidia 23-37 x 5-9 µm vel 36-43 x 4.5-6 µm et subfilamentosa. Cuticula pileorum crassa ixocutis est.

English translation: Pileus 2-3.5 cm broad, convex then broadly expanded or applanate, viscid shiny brightly fulvous finally pale brown; taste bitter, smell mild. Lamellae crowded broad adnate then sinuate, cinnamon-brown. Stipe 2.5-5 cm long, 2-4.5 mm thick, equal, fistulose, whitish, downwards discolouring brown with age, slightly fibrillose; veil sparse, vanishing. Spores 7-9.5 x 5-6 μm, strongly dextrinoid, roughened, fulvous in KOH. Cheilocystidia 23-37 x 5-9 μm 03 36-43 x 4.5-6 μm and subfilamentous. The pileus cuticle is a thick ixocutis.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma nitidum Hesler.

Diagnosis: Hebeloma hygrophilum has a persisting cortina and lageniform or ventricose cheilocystidia and is, therefore, a member of H. section Hebeloma. Within this section, it can be differentiated on the basis of the amygdaloid, limoniform and sometimes fusoid spores, distinctly to rather strongly dextrinoid, and on average less than 7 µm wide, the number of full length lamellae less than 40 and the habitat, which is primarily boreal and not arctic or alpine as for H. fuscatum. Hebeloma hygrophilum usually occurs in wet areas, among Sphagnum with Salix.

Commentary: With the persistent presence of a cortina and the lageniform or ventricose cheilocystidia, this taxon clearly belongs in H. section Hebeloma. Within this section, it can be differentiated on the basis of the amygdaloid, limoniform and sometimes fusoid spores, distinctly to rather strongly dextrinoid less than 15 μm long and less than 7 μm wide, the number of lamellae less than 40 and the habitat, not arctic or alpine but primarily boreal, usually in wet areas with Salix and normally also with Sphagnum. Hebeloma hygrophilum is morphologically similar to H. clavulipes, H. fuscatum and H. nigellum. Hebeloma fuscatum is strictly arctic or alpine. Hebeloma nigellum also grows in non arctic or alpine areas but it can be differentiated quite easily on account of its wider spores (at least 7 μm wide) but also on its macroscopic appearance which is quite hard to define but clear. Hebeloma clavulipes can be separated on the greater number of lamellae (L at least 40). Poumarat & Corriol (2009) recognized this as a distinct species and published it as an “ad int.” awaiting further molecular studies to be sure of its status. They believed that it was the same taxon as H. remyi sensu Bruchet and even in the title of the article mention “H. hygrophilum ad int. (= H. remyi ss. Bruchet non Quadraccia)”. We now believe that H. remyi ss. Bruchet is synonymous with H. clavulipes and distinct from H. hygrophilum. The name they chose for this taxon emphasizes their recognition of its favoured habitat.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 3-5 cm latus, convexus demum planus vel leviter umbonatus, glutinosus, ad marginem fibrillosus demum glaber, rufobrunneus demum pallidior, odor et gustus raphanoideopungens. Lamellae latae, subdistantes, subcinnamomeae. Stipes 6-11 cm longus, 4-6 mm crassus, anguste clavatus, deorsum brunnescens. Velum pallide ochraceum. Sporae 9-12 x 6-7.5 μm, leves in "KOH," non dextrinoideae. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia (46) 57-75 x 7-10 x 5-8 μm, ad basin ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 3-5 cm broad, convex then applanate or slightly umbonate, glutinous, fibrillose then glabrous on the margin, reddish-brown then paler, smell and taste pungent raphanoid. Lamellae broad, subdistant, pale cinnamon. Stipe 6-11 cm long, 4-6 mm thick, narrowly clavate, discolouring brown at base. Veil pale ochraceous. Spores 9-12 x 6-7.5 μm, smooth in KOH, indextrinoid. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilocystidia (46) 57-75 x 7-10 x 5-8 μm, ventricose at base.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma palustre Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileo 5 cm. lato, conico-subplano, laevi, glabro, medio rubroigneo, margine flavello, exstrio, carnoso; margine curte radiose sulcatulo; lamellis sordidis, densis, angustis adnatis; stipite 6 cm. alto, 8 mm. lato, inferius latiore flavescente; sporis 4-6 = 3-4 micr. argillaceis, polygonalibus, asperis, apiculatis. Solitarium et rarum in silvis. Confer Cortinarius croceo conus. Fr.

English translation: Pileus 5 cm broad, conical to subapplanate, smooth, glabrous, flame red on the disc, yellowish on the margin, non-striate, fleshy; margin shortly, shallowly, radially sulcate; lamellae dingy, crowded, narrow, adnate; stipe 6 cm long, 8 mm thick, thicker towards base and becoming yellowish; spores 4-6 x 3-4 μ, argillaceous, polygonal, roughened, apiculate. Solitary and rarely in woods. To be compared with Cortinarius croceoconus Fr.

Commentary: We have studied material from FH (00543393, collected in 1936, two years before the species was published) that may well be original material, but we cannot confirm it as type material (no type published). Based on the collection studied and the description of the spores in the protologue this is likely to be an Entoloma.

Basionym: Agaricus ignobilis Berk. [as "Ag. (Hebeloma) ignobilis"] (1842)

Types: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: New Ireland (4.2853°S, 152.9206°E, alt. approx. 0 m a.s.l.) in tropical woodland, , R.B. Hinds, det: M.C. Berkeley (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)153648, HJB1000226).

Original diagnosis: Pileo rufo-fusco glabro plano centro depresso margine tenui submembranaceo; lamellis latis ventricosis postice sinuatis dente decurrente sporiddis ferrugineis; stipite subtenui glabro incurvo aequali solido. On wood, New Ireland, July.

English translation: Pileus dark red glabrous applanate depressed in the centre margin thin submembranaceous; lamellae broad ventricose at the attachment sinuate decurrent with a tooth spores rust-coloured; stipe almost thin glabrous incurved equal solid. On wood, New Ireland, July.

Commentary: We have examined the holotype morphologically and confirm that this is an Inocybe.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma ignobile (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)

Types: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: New Ireland (4.2853°S, 152.9206°E, alt. approx. 0 m a.s.l.) in tropical woodland, , R.B. Hinds, det: M.C. Berkeley (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)153648, HJB1000226).

Commentary: See Hebeloma ignobile (Berk.) Sacc..

Basionym: Agaricus illicitus Peck [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) illicitus"] (1872)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Lewis County, Greig (approx. 43.6815°N, 75.3546°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on log in woodland, Sep. 1870, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001516, HJB1000265).

Homotypic synonyms: Derminus illicitus (Peck) Henn. (1898)

Diagnosis: Pileus fleshy, firm, broadly convex or expanded, smooth, hygrophanous, very dark brown when moist, a little paler when dry; lamellae close, broad, tapering outwardly, plane or ventricose, rounded behind with a very slight decurrent tooth, pale dingy brown; stem firm, equal, hollow, scabrous, distinctly striate at the top, paler than the pileus, with a white mycelium; spores subelliptical, 1/4000 long. Plant compact, gregarious or caespitose, 1.5'-2' high, pileus 1'-1.5' broad, stem 2' thick. Rotten sticks and logos in woods. Greig. September. (Plate 4, Figs. 1-5.) The habitat is unusual for species of this subgenus.

Commentary: This taxon was originally described by Peck (1872) as Agaricus (Hebeloma) illicitus and recombined by Saccardo (1887) as Hebeloma illicitum. The spores are smooth, thick walled, and with a tiny germ pore, on average 12 × 6 μm. The cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are ventricose to pyriform or obpyriform. The morphology thus supports a placement in Agrocybe as confirmed by Watling (1977) and Singer (1977/1978).

Is basionym of: Hebeloma illicitum (Peck) Sacc. (1887); Derminus illicitus (Peck) Henn. (1898)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Lewis County, Greig (approx. 43.6815°N, 75.3546°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on log in woodland, Sep. 1870, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001516, HJB1000265).

Commentary: See Hebeloma illicitum (Peck) Sacc.

Basionym: Agaricus illicitus Peck [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) illicitus"] (1872)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Lewis County, Greig (approx. 43.6815°N, 75.3546°W, alt. approx. 250 m a.s.l.) on log in woodland, Sep. 1870, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001516, HJB1000265).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma illicitum (Peck) Sacc. (1887)

Commentary: See Hebeloma illicitum (Peck) Sacc.

Types: Type not selected. Described from Italy, Vigheffio.

Original diagnosis: Cortina nulla, pileo glabro ex albo argillaceo viscidulo, stipite longo, cylindrico, solido, aquoso, sursum albo-farinoso, lamellis rotundatis, primum albidis, dein roseo-ferruginascentibus, acie serrulatis, plorantibus, siccis maculatis. Sporidia ferruginea, caro valde aquosa, odor debilis non ingratus, sapor nullis. Presso un’antica siepe a Vigheffio. Autumno.

English translation: Cortina absent, pileus glabrous, white then clay-coloured, slightly viscid, with long cylindrical, solid, watery stipe, white powdered at apex; lamellae rounded, white then becoming pinkish rusty brown, with serrulate, weeping edge, spotted when dry. Spores in mass rusty brown, context strongly watery, smell weak, not unpleasant, taste none. Near an old hedge at Vigheffio, Autumn.

Commentary: Kuyper (1986) suggested that this taxon was a Hebeloma and based on the protologue we agree. It is probably from either Hebeloma sect. Denudata or H. sect. Velutipes, however, without more information we cannot determine this to species level.

Types: Type not selected. Described from Italy, Vigheffio.

Commentary: See Inocybe imbecillis (Pass.) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 3-4 cm latus, obtusus vel convexus demum planus, canescens, pallide avellaneus deinde luteobrunneus, ad marginem appendiculate squamulosus. Contextus crassus, albus, odor et gustus subraphanicus. Lamellae pallide avellaneae demum subfulvae, confertae, latae, adnatae. Stipes 4-6 cm longus, 8-12 mm crassus, albidus, deorsum brunnescens, albofibrillosus, saepe annulatus. Sporae 10-13 x 6-7.5 μm, in "KOH" subleves, in Melzer's punctatae, non dextrinoideae. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia 48-100 x 3-4 x 4-6 μm, elongatoclavata.

English translation: Pileus 3-4 cm broad, obtuse or convex, then applanate, hoary, pale hazel, afterwards yellow-brown, squamulose-appendiculate on the margin. Context thick, white, smell and taste slightly raphanoid. Lamellae pale hazel then fulvous, crowded, broad, adnate. Stipe 4-6 cm long, 8-12 mm thick, white, discolouring brown downwards, with white fibrils, often annulate. Spores 10-13 x 6-7.5 μm, smooth in KOH, punctate in Melzer’s, indextrinoid. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 48-100 x 3-4 x 4-6 μm, elongate-clavate.

Commentary: Unfortunately we have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma angelesiense A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel.

Types: INDIA: Kerala, Wayanad district, Ponkhuzhy (approx. 11.6875°N, 76.3919°E, alt. approx. 850 m a.s.l.) in tropical woodland under Hopea sp., 23 Jul. 1997, K.A. Thomas (T108b) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. IB 19971307, HJB1000384).

Commentary: See Hebeloma indicum (K.A Thomas, Peintner, M.M. Moser & Manim.) B.J. Rees & Orlovich.

Basionym: Agaricus infidus Peck [as "Agaricus (Hebeloma) infidus"] (1875)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Adirondack Mountains (approx. 44.1447°N, 74.0479°W, alt. approx. 900 m a.s.l.) on boggy, mossy soil in woodland bog, Sep. 1873, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001549, HJB1000264).

Diagnosis: Pileus firm, campanulate or expanded, subumbonate slightly squamulose on the disk, often split on the margin, whitish, lamellae close, pallid becoming cinnamon-brown; stem equal or slightly bulbous-thickened at the base, minutely furfuraceous, hollow, colored like the pileus; spores globose; rough with little nodules, .0003' in diameter. Plant about 2' high, pileus 6“-12" broad, stem 1“-2“ thick. Mossy ground in swampy woods. Adirondaek Mts. Sept. This species bears some resemblance to A. geophyillus, but the slightly squamulose pileus and the rough spores readily separate it. The margin of the pileus is sometimes deeply split, the radiating lobes giving a stellate appearance to the pileus.

Commentary: Inocybe infida was originally described by Peck (1875) as Agaricus (Hebeloma) infidus and recombined by Saccardo (1887) as Hebeloma infidum. The spores are nodulose and the cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are ventricose with crystals at the apex, supporting the recombination into Inocybe as confirmed by Massee (1904) and Kauffman (1918, 1924). For some time, probably starting with Murrill (1909), I. infida got a reputation as a poisonous mushroom. Per Kauffman, Murrill (1909) misapplied the name I. infida to I. decipientoides, currently recognized as I. curvipes (P. Matheny 17 Jan 2020, http://inocybaceae.org/keys/Key_Inocybaceae_easternNA_v07.pdf, status accessed 23 Oct 2021).

Is basionym of: Hebeloma infidum (Peck) Sacc. (1887)

Types: UNITED STATES: New York: Adirondack Mountains (approx. 44.1447°N, 74.0479°W, alt. approx. 900 m a.s.l.) on boggy, mossy soil in woodland bog, Sep. 1873, C.H. Peck (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NYS-F-001549, HJB1000264).

Commentary: See Hebeloma infidum (Peck) Sacc.

Types: FRANCE: Haute Savoie, Montcharvet, near Saint-Bon (Savoie) (approx. 45.3967°N, 6.6856°E, alt. approx. 1750 m a.s.l.) on grassy soil in alpine meadow edge under Betula alba, Picea sp., Populus tremula and Salix cinerea, 11 Sep. 1964, G. Bruchet (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. LY BR64-24, HJB1000040).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma ingratum Bruchet (1970)

Commentary: See Hebeloma ingratum Bruchet.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 5-9 cm latus, late convexus, viscidus, obscure vinaceobrunneus, ad marginem pallide subroseus et appendiculatus; contextusgriseus, griseus, odor pungens, sapor mitis. Lamellae latae, confertae, brunneomaculatae. Stipes 4-7 cm longus, 1-3 cm crassus, abrupte bulbosus, squamulosus, deorsum tarde brunnescens. Sporae 12-15 x 6.5-8 μm, late inequilaterales, dextrinoideae, verruculosae. Basidia tetraspora, 9-12 μm, clavata. Cheilocystidia 52-70 x 7-9 μm, elongate clavata.

English translation: Pileus 5-9 cm broad, broadly convex, viscid, dull vinaceous-brown, pale pinkish and appendiculate on the margin; context grey, smell pungent, taste mild. Lamellae broad, crowded, spotted brown. Stipe 4-7 cm long, 1-3 mm thick, abruptly bulbous, squamulose, discolouring brownish in age. Spores 12-15 x 6.5-8 μm, broadly inequilateral, dextrinoid, slightly roughened. Basidia 4-spored, 9-12 μm, clavate. Cheilocystidia 52-70 x 7-9 μm, elongate-clavate.

Commentary: Unfortunately we have been unable to generate any DNA sequence data from either the holotype or the isotype. However, based on morphological and habitat analysis this is: = Hebeloma albomarginatum Hesler.

Basionym: Agaricus ischnostylus Cooke (1884)

Types: Cooke`s Library, Cooke’s Original Plates. unpublished, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, London: 146 (1891-1911) pl. 894, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 514 (MBT203466)

FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Les Espagnols (43.5089°N, 6.7935°E, alt. approx. 200 m a.s.l.) on bare soil in mixed woodland under Populus sp. and Salix sp., 16 Oct. 2007, R. Newton (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR 5020184123505, HJB12116). Epitype designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 514 (MBT203467).

The lectotype (icon) was a collection from ENGLAND: Shropshire, Shrewsbury on grassy ground under Alnus glutinosa, Sep. 1879, (K(M). This is Cooke’s original hand-coloured illustration no. 894), elements from which were later published as Plate 420 in Cooke (Illustr. Brit. Fungi (1884) [“1881–1891”])

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma ischnostylum (Cooke) Sacc. (1887)

Commentary: See Hebeloma ischnostylum (Cooke) Sacc.

Types: Cooke`s Library, Cooke’s Original Plates. unpublished, Royal Botanical Gardens Kew, London: 98 (1891-1911) pl. 894, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 514 (MBT203466)

FRANCE: Alpes-Maritimes, Les Espagnols (43.5089°N, 6.7935°E, alt. approx. 200 m a.s.l.) on bare soil in mixed woodland under Populus sp. and Salix sp., 16 Oct. 2007, R. Newton (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR 5020184123505, HJB12116). Epitype designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 514 (MBT203467).

The lectotype (icon) was a collection from ENGLAND: Shropshire, Shrewsbury on grassy ground under Alnus glutinosa, Sep. 1879, (K(M). This is Cooke’s original hand-coloured illustration no. 894), elements from which were later published as Plate 420 in Cooke (Illustr. Brit. Fungi (1884) [“1881–1891”])

Commentary: See Hebeloma ischnostylum (Cooke) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 3-5 cm latus, convexus demum planus, viscosus, ad marginem albofloccosus, incarnato ochraceus vel tarde griseoochraceus; tarde leviter amarus. Lamellae latae, albidae demum brunneae, margines saepe guttas liquidas gerentes. Stipes 3.5-5 cm longus, 6-8 mm crassus, subalbus, tarde argillaceus. Sporae 9-12 x 5-6 μm. Cheilocystidia clavata, 43-64 x 7-10 μm.

English translation: Pileus 3-5 cm broad, convex then applanate, viscid, with white flocci on the margin, pinkish-ochraceous or greyish-ochraceous in age; slowly slightly bitter. Lamellae broad, white then brown, edge often beaded with drops. Stipe 3.5-5 cm long, 6-8 mm thick, whitish, argillaceous in age. Spores 9-12 x 5-6 μm. Cheilocystidia clavate, 43-64 x 7-10 μm.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma sordidulum Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: Virginia: Apple Orchard Mountain near Bedford (approx. 37.3343°N, 79.5231°W, alt. approx. 300 m a.s.l.) on mossy stump under Kalmia latifolia, 25 Oct. 1916, W.A. Murrill (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814905, HJB1000291).

Diagnosis: Pileus convex, not fully expanding, slightly depressed at the center with age, not umbonate, gregarious, 2.5-3.5 cm. broad; surface moist, subglabrous, uniformly yellowish-white to cream-colored, margin entire, concolorous, not striate; context thin, with slightly unpleasant taste and no odor; lamellae adnexed or sinuate, very broad, of medium distance, thin, yellowish-white to dirty-white, entire and concolorous on the edges; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale-yellow, uniguttulate, about 12 X 7 μ; stipe slender, cylindric, equal, fibrillose, slightly darker than the pileus, hollow, 5 cm. long, 3 mm. thick.

Commentary: Our analysis of the holotype reveals smooth ovoid to amygdaloid spores (8–10 × 4.5–5.5 µm), thick-walled, with a clearly visible germ pore. The cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia are similar, small, ventricose, occasionally utriform. The spore measures given here agree with those of Murrill (1917). Hesler and Smith (1968) might have studied another portion of the material. They give different spore measures and point out the difference from Murrill’s measurements. The ITS sequence traces obtained from the holotype were not properly readable due to admixture with another sequence, but a sequence similar to the isotype sequence of P. stratosa (MN209779, Tian & Matheny 2021) might be present in the mixture. The spore size of P. stratosa (Hesler and Smith 1968) is similar to the spore size given in Murrill’s (1917) description of P. kalmicola. Comparative type studies are needed to investigate a possible synonymy. Pholiota kalmicola would have priority over P. stratosa. The type sequence of P. stratosa was included in phylogenetic reconstructions of Tian and Matheny (2021) as well as in our analysis. It was resolved in the P. subgen. Flammuloides clade.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 51-76 mm diametro, hemisphaericus deinde convexus, tandem planus interdum in centro depressus, nitens, laevis usque leviter fibrillosus, viscidus, in centro caryophyllaceo-brunneus usque flavo-brunneus, versus marginem ita pallide. Lamellae sinuato-adnexae adnexaeve adnataeve, confertae usque ita moderate, lamellulatae, bubalino-caryophyllaceae deinde ita obscure, tandem interdum maculis brunneis. Stipes 44-76 mm longus cortinam evanescentem ferens, gracilis usque crassiusculus sed ad basim leviter tumidus vel bulbosus, laevis usque fibrillosus sed versus apicem farinosus solidus usque fistulosus, albidus, versus basim fuscus. Sporae 8.2-10.2 (= 9.1) x 4.8-5.8 (=5.3) μm, anguste ellipsoideae, verruculosae. Basidia non vidi. Cheilocystidia abunda, 34.4 x 9.2 μm, filiformi-ventricosa. Pleurocystidia nulla. Hyphae epicutis filamentosae, {42/2}, 2.4-6.4 (=4.1) μm diametro.

English translation: Pileus 51-76 mm in diameter, hemispherical then convex, finally applanate at times depressed in the centre, shining, smooth to slightly fibrillose, viscid, carnation-brown to yellow-brown, even if pale towards the margin. Lamellae sinuate-adnexed, or adnexed or adnate, crowded to moderately crowded, with lamellulae, buff-carnation, thereafter dusky, finally at times with brown spots. Stipe 44-76 mm long, bearing a vanishing cortina, thin to thickish but slightly swollen or bulbous at the base, smooth to fibrillose, but pulverulent towards the apex, stuffed to fistulose, whitish, very dark towards the base. Spores 8.2-10.2 (= 9.1) x 4.8-5.8 (= 5.3) μm. Narrowly ellipsoid, verruculose. Basidia not seen. Cheilocystidia abundant, 34.4 x 9.2 μm, filiform-ventricose. Pleurocystidia none. Hyphae of epicutis filamentous, {42/2}, 2.4-6.4 (=4.1) μm wide.

Commentary: Unfortunately we were unable to generate any DNA sequence data from this material but based on a morphological study this is: = Hebeloma aminophilum R.N. Hilton & O.K. Mill.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 2-4 cm latus, albus vel lacteus, leviter viscidus, glaber. Contextus albus, odor et gustus mitis. Lamellae albidae demum "Clay Color," angustae, confertae. Stipes 3-5 cm longus, 4-7 mm crassus, albissimus, squamas albas floccoso-farinaceas gerens, siccus. Sporae 12-15 x 6-8 µm, sublimoniformes, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia 30-60 x 5-8 µm, cylindrica, ad basin ~ ventricosa.

English translation: Pileus 2-4 cm broad, white or milky white, slightly viscid, glabrous. Context white, smell and taste mild. Lamellae whitish then “Clay Color,” narrow, crowded. Stipe 3-5 cm long, 4-7 mm thick, pure white, covered with white floccose-farinaceous scales, dry. Spores 12-15 x 6-8 μm, subcitriform, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia 30-60 x 5-8 μm, cylindrical, more or less ventricose at base.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma album Peck.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-3 cm latus, convexus vel obtusus demum + planus vel obtuse umbonatus, ad centrum subfulvus, ad marginem + alutaceus. Contextus albus fragilis, odor nullus, sapor subnauseosus. Lamellae demum emarginatae, confertae latae, cinnamomeae. Stipes 2-4 cm longus, 3-4 mm crassus, solidus demum cavus, pallidus sericeus. Velum sparsum, fibrillosum, album. Sporae 8-10 (11) x 5-6.5 μm, leves, subinequilaterales, non dextrinoideae. Cheilocystidia filamentosa, cylindrica vel fusoide ventricosa, 38-63 x 3-7 x 2-3.5 μm subacuta, obtusa vel (rare) subcapitata.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-3 cm broad, convex or obtuse, then more or less applanate or obtusely umbonate, pale fulvous on the disc, more or less whitish-yellow on the margin. Context white. Fragile, smell none, taste slightly nauseating. Lamellae finally emarginate, crowded, broad, cinnamon. Stipe 2-4 cm long, 3-4 mm thick, solid, then fistulose, pale silky. Veil sparse, fibrillose, white. Spores 8-10 (11) x 5-6.5 μm, smooth, slightly inequilateral, indextrinoid. Cheilocystidia filamentous, cylindrical or fusoid-ventricose, 38-63 x 3-7 x 2-3.5 μm, almost pointed, obtuse or (rarely) subcapitate.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma excedens (Peck) sacc..

Original diagnosis: Pileus 1.5-3 cm latus, convexus, demum plano-umbonatus, viscidus, glaber, + "Pinkish Cinnamon," ad marginem pallidior; odor mitis. Lamellae luteo-pallidae demum pallide brunneae, latae, confertae, adnatae. Stipes 3-4 cm longus, 4-5 mm crassus, dissiliens, albidus, pruinose punctatus. Velum sparsum, albidum. Sporae 9-12 x 5-6 µm, punctatae leviter dextrinoideae, in "KOH" argillaceae. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia 28-57 x 4-5 x 6-12 µm, pedicellato-clavata, non agglutinata.

English translation: Pileus 1.5-3 cm broad, convex, then applanate-umbonate, viscid, glabrous, more or less “Pinkish Cinnamon”, paler on the margin; smell mild. Lamellae pale yellow then pale brown, crowded, adnate. Stipe 3-4 cm long, 4-5 mm thick, tending to split, whitish, pruinose-punctate. Veil scattered, whitish. Spores 9-12 x 5-6 μm, punctate slightly dextrinoid, argillaceous in KOH. Basidia four-spored. Cheilocystidia 28-57 x 4-5 x 6-12 μm, clavate-pedicellate, not agglutinated.

Commentary: Based on morphological and molecular analysis this is: = Hebeloma helodes J. Favre.

Original diagnosis: Pileus 8 cm, pileocutis primo modice lubrica, leviter nitida, propius marginem magnis accumbentibus, in ipso margine praeacutis squamis fibrillosis dependentibus instructa. Color pileocutis ochraceus, propius marginem flavescentes, Lamellae sinuatae decurrentes, colore carneo vel ex rufo ochraceo, non argillaceo. Acies lamellarum et margine albido et maculis hic illic obscuris instructae. Stipes 10 x 1.3 cm, basi breviter radicata, quae basis supra radicem non insigniter est clavata, summa in parte anulo instructus, colore flavo vel argillaceo, infra anulum fibrillis et squamis accumbentibus tectus. Caro primo odore fugaci dulci et martipanis simillimo, deinde odore fungorum consueto aut odoris expers. Nascitur in humo prope semitam quandam in monte Khogis insulae Novae Caledoniae. Sporae latae, ellipsoideae vel amygdaliformes, verrucosae simulque crasse tunicatae, sub microscopio (color pulveris sporarum non exquirebatur) ex brunneo ochraceae, 7-8 (-9.5) x 5-6 (-7) μm.

English translation: Pileus 8 cm, surface at first moderately lubricous, slightly shining, covered with large fibrillose scales, appressed closer to the margin, pointed and appendiculate on the very margin. Colour of the surface ochraceous, yellowish closer to the margin. Lamellae sinuate, decurrent, pinkish or reddish-ochraceous, not argillaceous. Edge of lamellae whitish and with dark spots here and there. Stipe 10 x 1.3 cm, with a shortly rooting base, not remarkably clavate above the root, with an annulus on the upper part, yellow or argillaceous, below the annulus covered with fibrils and appressed scales. Context at first with a fugacious sweet smell very similar to marzipan, then with the usual mushroomy (smell) or inodorous. Growing occasionally in humus on a pathside in Mount Khogis of the island of New Caledonia. Spores large, ellipsoid or amygdaliform, verrucose and at the same time thick-walled, under the microscope (the colour of the spores in mass was not ascertained) brown to ochraceous, 7-8 (-9.5) x 5-6 (-7) μm.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma victoriense A.A. Holland & Pegler.

Original diagnosis: Agaricus Kirtoni, Kalchbrenner (Sectio Hebeloma). Pileo compacte carnoso convexo-plano obtuso subrepando laevi glabro testaceo praeditus cortina nulla, stipite solido carnoso fibrilloso pallido albo-sericeo, lamellis adnatis confertis angustis carneo-lateritiis, sporis ovatis, carneo-ochraceis. Illawarra, W. Kirton. Pileus 2-3 poll. latus; stipes pileo aequilongus, 0.5 poll. crassus. Statura A. fastibilis. Ob sporarum colorem inconsuetum forte ad Entolomata referendus, sed nimis compactus et habitu omnino Tricholomatis.

English translation: Pileus thickly fleshy plano-convex obtuse slightly wavy smooth glabrous brick red lacking any cortina, stipe solid fleshy fibrillose pale silky-white, lamellae adnate crowded narrow pinkish-brick red, spores ovoid, pinkish-ochraceous. Illawarra, W. Kirton Pileus 2-3 in. broad; stipe length equalling pileus breadth, 0.5 in. thick. Same size as A. fastibilis. Because of the unusual colour of spores, strongly calling to mind species of Entoloma, but too squat and in appearance entirely a Tricholoma.

Commentary: Kalchbrenner's description makes specific mention of the spore colour indicating Entolomaceae, which would suggest the redddish brown spores associated with H. sect. Porphyrospora. The absence of a veil rules out H. victoriense and H. youngii, leaving H. aminophilum as the most likely interpretation of this taxon. Hebeloma kirtonii was collected from Illawarra in New South Wales where we know H. aminophilum does occur. Of course, there is alwys the possibility that this might represent some other species of H. sect. Porphrospora, either undescribed or not recorded from Australia.

Homotypic synonyms: Hebelomatis kuehneri (Bruchet) Locq. (1979) ["1977"]

Original diagnosis: Hebeloma kuehneri sp. nov. - Cortina fugacissima; pileo usque ad 20 mm lato, maturissime expanso, medio brunneo vel obscurissime brunneo, in margine ex ochraceo brunneolo, sive lucido, verum parum viscoso, sive toto pruinato; stipite 20-30 x 2-4 mm, cum intus, tum extra, toto fuscescente; lamellis siccis; odore nullo; sporis 11-13 x 6-7 μm, amygdaliformibus, in papillam summis elongatis, rugosis; pilis marginum inferne ad 7,5-9 μm inflatis. Species alpina, in locis muscosis (Philonotis tomentella Mol.) inter Salices herbaceus crescit.

English translation: Cortina very fugaceous; pileus up to 20 mm broad, at maturity expanded, at centre brown to dark brown, at margin first ochre then brownish, either shining, but weakly viscous, or entirely pruinose; stipe 20–30 × 2–4 mm, internally and externally browning with age; lamellae dry; odour none. Spores 11–13 × 6–7 μm, amygdaloid, with long apical papilla, rugose; marginal hairs broadened in lower part up to 7.5–9 μm. Alpine species, growing in damp places (Philonotis tomentella Mol.) between Salix herbacea.

Commentary: Given the holotype has been lost, we have studied the lectotype BR66-15 and paratype BR66-14 and, both morphologically and molecularly, they correspond to Hebeloma nigellum. (We have also studied paratype BR69-08 and this is H. dunense, which is not in accordance with the protologue.) So we are confident that this taxon, as lectotypfied here: = Hebeloma nigellum Bruchet.

Types: SWITZERLAND: Sesvenna,Marangun,Grisons (approx. 46.706°N, 10.402°E, alt. approx. 2350 m a.s.l.) on mossy soil in alpine meadow under Salix herbacea, 14 Aug. 1966, G. Bruchet (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. LY BR66-15, HJB11598). Lectotype designated by Beker et al., Hebeloma (Fr.) P. Kumm.: (2016) page 604 (MBT202535).

The holotype appears to be lost; a paratype was designated as lectotype.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma kuehneri Bruchet [as “Kühneri”] (1970)

Commentary: See Hebeloma kuehneri Bruchet.

Types: JAPAN: Kansai, Tomikawa, Otsu-shi, Shiga-ken (approx. 34.9001°N, 135.9489°E, alt. approx. 180 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland under Pinus sp. and Quercus sp., 15 Aug. 1988, T. Hongo, H. Clémençon (HC-88/95) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. TNS 237670, HJB1000383; Isotype. held at herbarium LAU, HJB1000560).

Commentary: See Hebeloma lactariolens (Clémençon & Hongo) B.J. Rees & Orlovich.

Types: JAPAN: Kansai, Tomikawa, Otsu-shi, Shiga-ken (approx. 34.9001°N, 135.9489°E, alt. approx. 180 m a.s.l.) on soil in woodland under Pinus sp. and Quercus sp., 15 Aug. 1988, T. Hongo, H. Clémençon (HC-88/95) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. TNS 237670, HJB1000383; Isotype. held at herbarium LAU, HJB1000560).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma lactariolens (Clémençon & Hongo) B.J. Rees & Orlovich (2013).

Commentary: See Hebeloma lactariolens (Clémençon & Hongo) B.J. Rees & Orlovich.

Diagnosis: Pileus up to 74 mm diam, circular to slightly oval, low convex to broadly umbonate to plane or occasionally reflexed, margin decurved to slightly uplifted; pale buff to clay pink to coffee-colored (5A3) with darker brown streaks (6C4) at the disk; viscid becoming shiny, glabrous with a finely fibrillose margin, no velar remains; flesh off-white, 8 mm at the disk. Lamellae adnate to sinuate, ventricose, thin, fairly shallow (2–4 mm), pale milky coffee-colored (5B3) with a light cream fimbriate margin, two sets of lamellulae. Stipe stout, to 70 x 16 mm, central, cylindrical to slightly flattened, enlarged at the base, off-white, firm, with an upper central hollow, not viscid, finely longitudinally fibrillose, finely punctuate at the apex, no velar remains. Odor vaguely antiseptic to radish-like. Flavor astringent to slightly bitter. Spore print deep pinkish brown to rust. Basidiospores [30/3/3] 8.1–9.7 x 5.3–5.7(–6.2) μm, Q = 1.5–1.63, inequilateral, obovoid to almost limoniform with a narrow apex almost devoid of ornamentation, pale smoky-brown, verruculose, weakly to strongly dextrinoid (D2–3), perispore not loosening (P0), spores weakly ornamented, with ornamentation observed only under oil immersion (O2). Basidia clavate, 30–40 x 7–9 μm, four-spored, sterigmata to 6 mm. Cheilocystidia hyaline, almost cylindrical with a slightly enlarged, occasionally terminally thickened apex and infrequently with an enlarged base, 32–63 x 4–9 (apex), 5–8 (middle) and 4–9 μm (base). Pleurocystidia not observed. Caulocystidia like cheilocystidia, sparse at apex only. Pileipellis consisting of a thin layer of narrow, radially orientated, finely coiled, lightly gelatinized cells above a grayish brown subpellis of collapsed, roughly radially parallel, clamped, broader hyphae.

Commentary: Based on morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma serratum (Cleland) E. Horak

Types: Not designated. Descibed fromgermany, Bavaria, in heathland.

Original diagnosis: Laevatus. B.; Spst. schmutzig gelb; Sp. 9, 11: 5; L. angewachsen, weisslich ockergelb; H. matt, sich aufschuppend, und, wie der St., weisslich-ockergelb; von fast angenehmen Geruch; dem A. diffractus Kalchbr. nicht unähnlich; Herbst, Heiden.

English translation: A. laevatus. B.; Spore print sordid yellow; Sp 9–11 × 5; lamellae adnate, whitish ochraceous; pileus dull, breaking up in squamules, and, like the stipe, whitish-ochraceous; with almost pleasant odour; similar to Agaricus diffractus Kalchbr.; autumn, in heathland.

Commentary: Agaricus laevatus is described and illustrated with a matt pileus becoming scaly, a tapering stipe, an almost pleasant odour and spores of 9–11 × 5 µm, growing in heathland. In Hebeloma, a matt and scaly pileus is known from H. odoratissimum (Britzelm.) Sacc., H. fusisporum Gröger & Zschiesch. and H. ischnostylum (Cooke) Sacc., three species that may be also interpreted as having a pleasant odour. Hebeloma odoratissimum has much broader spores and is not likely to occur in heathland. Hebeloma fusisporum may occur with Salix on poor soil, but it does also have broader spores. However, H. ischnostylum, which may also occur with Salix on poor soils, does have narrower spores and as a rule small basidiomes. The icon (fg. 382) also fits this taxon. We conclude that this is: = Hebeloma ischnostylum (Cooke) Sacc.

Types: Not designated. Descibed fromgermany, Bavaria, in heathland.

Commentary: See Hebeloma laevatum (Britzelm.) Sacc.

Original diagnosis: Pileus ad 8-7 cm., convexus, deinde subplanus vel subconcavus, interdum subrepandus, subfibrillosus, flavo-brunneus. Lamellae adnatae, deinde subsinuatae, confertae, pallido-flavo-brunneae, deinde flavo-brunneae. Stipes 6-2 cm., crassus, subfibrillosus, albidus. Sporae subangustae, pallido-brunneae 9 x 4.5 μ.

English translation: Pileus up to 87 mm, convex, then subapplanate or shallowly depressed, at times slightly wavy, subfibrillose, yellow-brown. Lamellae adnate, then slightly sinuate, crowded, pale yellow-brown, then yellow-brown. Stipe 62 mm, thick, subfibrillose, whitish. Spores somewhat narrow 9 x 4.5 μ.

Commentary: We have studied the holotype. Unfortunately we were unable to gnerate any DNA sequence data. Our morphological study reveals amygdaloid and lacrymoid, non-dextrinoid spores with no signs of loosening perispore on average 10.5 x 5.3 μm. The cheilocystidia are clavate stipitate or gently clavate, suggesting H. sects. Denudata or Mediorufus. However, the spores are not typical Hebeloma spores and unlike those found within species of either of these two sections. We know of no endemic Australian species with these characters. For the present we are therefore unable to resolve this species, but we think it unlikely that it is a Hebeloma.

Types: UNITED STATES: Ohio: Columbus (approx. 39.9612°N, 82.9988°W, alt. approx. 230 m a.s.l.), 1846, J. Robinson (319), det: W.S. Sullivant (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. no reference number, HJB1000545; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-39537, HJB1000580).

Commentary: See Hebeloma latericolor (Mont.) Sacc.

Types: UNITED STATES: Ohio: Columbus (approx. 39.9612°N, 82.9988°W, alt. approx. 230 m a.s.l.), 1846, J. Robinson (319), det: W.S. Sullivant (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. no reference number, HJB1000545; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-39537, HJB1000580).

Original diagnosis: Pileo carnoso convexo; margine primitus involuto, glabro laevi rubricoso; stipite cylindrico e fibroso farcto demum cavo basi incrassato; cortina contexta fugaci; lamellis latis tridymis emarginato-adfixis subdecurrentibus subsecedentibus e griseo lurido-cinnamomeis acie albis; sporis pallide ochraceis ovoideo-oblongis.

English translation: Pileus fleshy convex; margin at first involute, glabrous, smooth reddish-brown; stipe cylindrical fibrous to stuffed then hollow enlarged at base; cortina intertwined vanishing; lamellae broad tridynamous (threesome) emarginate-adnate subdecurrent slightly seceding grey to dingy cinnamon edge white; spores pale ochraceous ovoid-oblong.

Commentary: Murrill (1924) concluded his study with: “The types at Paris are well preserved and resemble Hypholoma perplexum more than they do any species of Hebeloma.” Our morphological study plus our study of the protologue and icon confirm this to be a species of Hypholoma, although we hesitate to confirm any particular species. Hesler in his unpublished manuscript on the Hebeloma of North America, commented that this: “… is probably the same as Naematoloma sublateritium [Hypholoma lateritium].” The latin diagnosis utilises the term Tridynamous (threesome) meaning In groups of three. THis should probably be interpreted as that between two entire lamellae there are three lamellulae the one in the middle longer than the two on the sides. We diid not attempt to generate DNA sequence data.

Types: Batsch, Elench. Fung. 2: 195 (1789) t. XXXIII, fig 195a–b, lectotype (icon) designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 1060

GERMANY: Baden-Württemberg, Hochwald, Locherhof (48.1678°N, 8.5025°E, alt. approx. 705 m a.s.l.) on calcareous, grassy, mossy soil in coniferous woodland under Abies alba and Picea sp., 12 Oct. 2011, M. Ghyselinck (Epitype. herbarium acc. no. BR MYCO 173990-69 (epitype), C C-F-90145 (isoepitype), HJB13824). Epitype designated by Beker et al., Taxon 62 (5): (2013) page 1060.

Commentary: See Hebeloma laterinum (Batsch) Vesterh.

Is basionym of: Hebeloma mesophaeum var. lateritium (Murrill) A.H. Sm., V.S. Evenson & Mitchel (1983)

Types: UNITED STATES: Washington: near Seattle (approx. 47.5359°N, 122.1204°W, alt. approx. 300 m a.s.l.) on sandy soil in woodland edge under Abies sp., Alnus sp., Pseudotsuga sp. and Tsuga sp., 20 Oct. 1911, W.A. Murrill (295) (Holotype. herbarium acc. no. NY 814869, HJB1000284; Isotype. herbarium acc. no. WTU-F-043853, HJB1000559).

Diagnosis: Pileus convex, becoming nearly plane with age, umbonate, gregarious, 5 cm. broad; surface distinctly viscid, smooth, glabrous, latericious, margin entire, not striate, avellaneous to cream-colored as the moisture escapes; lamellae sinuate, rather crowded, ventricose, pallid to clay-colored, conspicuously whitish-pubescent on the edges; spores ellipsoid, smooth, pale-yellowish under the microscope, 7-8 X 5 μ; stipe enlarged below, white, conspicuously fibrillose, fleshy, 6 cm. long, 7-10 mm. thick.

Commentary: The ventricose to lageniform cheilocystidia together with the ellipsoid spores indicate that this belongs to Hebeloma sect. Hebeloma. The small spores place this in a group that contains Hebeloma alpinicola, H. excedens, H. mesophaeum and H. pascuense; the description of the bicolored pileus with the dark brick centre and the avellaneous to cream-colored margin make H. mesophaeum the most likely. An ITS sequence supports this determination. Hence, H. lateritium should be synonymized with H. mesophaeum. To summarize, based on both morphological and molecular anlaysis this is: = Hebeloma mesophaeum (Pers.) Quél.

Original diagnosis: Hatten n. köttig, först kullrig, sedan platt, understundom i midten n. nedtryckt, slät, glatt, torr, blek, stötande n. i lergrått, vid torkning blekt sämskfärgad, 3-4 cm bred. Foten jemntjock, krumböjd, knappt fintrådig, upptil hvitpudrat, blek, omkring 3 cm hög. Lamellerna fastväxra, lätt lossnande, tättsittande, breda, n. triangelförma, blekt lerfärgade, slutligen stötande I brunt, I eggen n. hvittnaggade. Sporerna eliptiska, trubbiga, understundom oliksidiga, ljust gulaktiga (under mikr.), omkring 8 – 4 mmm. Gammal björkbark.

English translation: Pileus somewhat fleshy, hemispherical at first then applanate, sometimes slightly depressed at centre, smooth, glabrous, dry, pallid, changing to leather-grey, when dry pale chamois, 3–4 cm broad. Stipe equal, curved, barely fibrillose, white powdered at apex, pallid, about 3 cm high. Lamellae adnate, slightly loosening, crowded, broad, somewhat triangular, pale leather coloured, finally turning brown, slightly white notched. Spores ellipsoid, blunt, sometimes unequal, pale yellowish (under microscope), about 8 × 4 μm. On old bark of Betula.

Commentary: We have studied the authentic material and find that the species belongs in Pholiota P. Kumm. According to E. Rald (herbarium note) this name is a synonym of P. tuberculosa (Schaef.) P. Kumm.

Types: GERMANY: Thuringia, See-ecke near Ballstadt (approx. 51.0416°N, 10.7447°E, alt. approx. 330 m a.s.l.) on calcareous soil in deciduous woodland under Carpinus sp., Corylus sp., Quercus sp. and Tilia sp., 18 Sep. 1978, F. Gröger, det: Groger (Holotype. held at herbarium JE, HJB1000149).

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma pallidoluctuosum Gröger & Zschiesch. (1984); Hebeloma sacchariolens var. pallidoluctuosum (Gröger & Zschiesch.) Quadr. (1987)

Original diagnosis: Locus typi: Thuringia, in silva frondosa mixta “See-Ecke”, near Ballstädt (near Goha), ad terram super formatione geologica (Muschelkalk). Leg. F. Gröger. (Holotypus in JE). Quoad odorem Hebelomati sacchariolenti. H. tomentoso, H. gigaspermo et H. fusisporo simile. Sed H. sacchariolens est species acidophila, quae manet laetiore colore usque ad summam senectutem et differ sporis laetioribus. H. tomentosum differt pileo tomentoso et habitu maiore. H. gigaspermum differ sporis maioribus et cheilocystidiis capitatis. H. fusisporum differt cheilocystidiis longioribus et sporis. Cortina nulla. Pileo albido, pallide ochraceo-griseo, fulvescente, in media parte sordide fusco-ochraceo, convexo, hemisphaerico, cum margine diu deorsum recundata, glabro. 2-4.5(6) cm. Lamellis instar coffeae cum lacte mixtae coloratis, brunneo-ochraceis, postremo valde obscuris, fere umbrinis, distantibus, latissimis, ventricosis, sinuatis, vix albomarginatis, sed mox undulatis usque crenato-serratis, non lacrimantibus. Stipite primo albido, cito fuscescente vel nigrescente (primo ad basim), sub lamellis minutissime albo-floccoso, ad basim leviter angustata sed non radicante, 2,5-4,5(6) x 0,3-0,7(1) cm. Carne primo laeta, deinde (primo ad basim) fuscescente, postea (praecipue in exsiccates) nigrescente. Odore intenso, Hebelomati sacchariolenti simili, sapore leviter amaro. Sporis 11-14,5 x 5,5-8 μm, intense luteo-fuscis, latius amygdaliformibus vel citriformibus, distincte verrucosis: pulvere brunneo. Cheilocystidiis fere lageniformibus. utriformibus usque subclaviformibus (numquam capitatis!), 33-50 x 5-12 μm.

English translation: In odour similar to H. sacchariolens, H. tomentosum, H. gigaspermum and H. fusisporum. But H. sacchariolens is an acidophilous species, which remains paler coloured to extreme old age, and differs in having more brightly coloured spores. Hebeloma tomentosum differs by the tomentose pileus and larger basidiomes. Hebeloma gigaspermum differs by larger spores and capitate cheilocystidia. Hebeloma fusisporum differs by longer cheilocystidia and spores. Cortina absent. Pileus whitish, pale ochre-grey, turning brown, at centre sordid brownochre, convex, hemispherical, with long-time involute margin, glabrous, 2–4.5(–6) cm. Lamellae with the same colour as milky coffee, brown-ochre, finally much darker, almost umber, distant, very broad, ventricose, sinuate, hardly white margin, but soon undulate then crenulate-serrate, not weeping. Stipe white at first, then turning brown or blackening (first at base), between the lamellae minutely white floccose, at base slightly narrowed and not rooting. Odour intense, like Hebeloma sacchariolens, taste slightly bitter. Spores 11–14.5 × 5.5–8 μm, intense yellow-brown, broadly amygdaloid or citriform, distinctly verrucose, in mass brown. Cheilocystidia more or less lageniform, utriform to subclaviform (never capitate), 33–50 × 5–12 μm.

Commentary: See Hebeloma pallidoluctuosum Gröger & Zschiesch.

Original diagnosis: Pileus (2) 4-8 cm latus, convexus demum planus, glaber, glutinosus, maculatus, pallide argillaceus, odor et sapor raphaninus. Lamellae pallidae demum subfulvae, angustae, adnate confertae. Stipes 5-8 cm longus, circa 1 cm crassus, brunnescens, albofibrillosus. Sporae 9-12 x 6.5-8 μm, in "KOH" subargillaceae, inequilaterales, non dextrinoideae. Basidia tetraspora. Cheilocystidia 36-52 (90) x 4-8 x 8-11 μm, cylindrica vel elongate clavata vel ad basin subventricosa.

English translation: Pileus (2) 4-8 cm broad, convex then applanate, glabrous, slimy, spotted, pale argillaceous, smell and taste raphanoid. Lamellae pale then pale fulvous, narrow, adnate, crowded. Stipe 5-8 cm long, about 1 cm thick, discolouring brown, with white fibrils. Spores 9-12 x 6.5-8 μm, pale argillaceous in KOH, inequilateral, indextrinoid. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilocystidia 6-52 (90) x 4-8 x 8-11 μm, cylindrical or elongate clavate with ventricose base.

Commentary: Based on molecular and morphological analysis this is: = Hebeloma velutipes Bruchet.

Types: SCOTLAND: Loch Loy (approx. 57.58°N, 3.85°W, alt. approx. 10 m a.s.l.) in boreal, mixed woodland under Betula sp. and Salix sp., 25 Sep. 1955, P.D. Orton (Lectotype. herbarium acc. no. K(M)52712, HJB1000002). Lectotype designated by Grilli, Micol. Veg. Medit. 22 (2): (2007) page 148.

The holotype originally designated was a mixed collection.

Homotypic synonym of: Hebeloma leucosarx P.D. Orton (1960)

Commentary: See Hebeloma leucosarx P.D. Orton.

Original diagnosis: Pileo convexo-plano, 4 cm. lato, toseo-isabellino, grato; lamellis sinuatis, latis, confertis; sporis subovoideis, levibus, pallidis, 8 X 5 μ; stipite aequali, pallido, floccoso, 3.5 X 0.4-0.5 cm.

English translation: Pileus convex to applanate, 4 cm broad, pinkish-Isabella, pleasant; lamellae sinuate, broad, crowded; spores subovoid, smooth, pale, 8 x 5 μ; stipe equal, pale, floccose, 3.5 x 0.4-0.5 cm.